- For the first French warship with this name, see Jean Bart (1911) .
Jean Bart is a French warship of World War II, named for the 17th-century sailor, privateer, and carousel Jean Bart. He is a second class warship Richelieu . Derived from the Dunkerque class, Jean Bart (and his sister ship Richelieu ) was designed against the new warship of the Italian Navy. Their speed, shield, weaponry, and technology as a whole are state of the art, but they have a rather unusual main battery armament arrangement, with two turrets of 4-gun forward and no stern.
Jean Bart was incomplete when the French surrendered to Germany in June 1940. He sailed from Saint-Nazaire to Casablanca just before the Armistice. He drowned at the harbor in 1942. After the war he was again floating, fitted with an updated anti-aircraft battery, and began operating in 1955. He had a very short career: Jean Bart was put in reserve at 1957, was deactivated in 1961, and removed in 1969.
Video French battleship Jean Bart (1940)
Design
The Richelieu class was designed in response to the Italian Littorio-class warship founded in 1934, with Richelieu inaugurated in 1935. When Germany established two ships Bismarck war in November 1935 and June 1936, France ordered the second Richelieu , Jean Bart .
Jean Bart is meant to be the exact sailing of Richelieu , with 35,000 tonnes (35,562 tt) tons of standard displacement, the same dimensions of hull (length: 247.85 m (813 ft), beam: 33,00 m (108 ft), draft: 9,22 m (30,2 m), same armaments, protection, and propulsion.
Spatial generally, with two turrets of four weapons to the front, comes from the class of Dunkerque warships. The quadruple turret was first proposed for the last World War I warfare project, the battleship of Normandie and Lyon. Turret quad was also featured on almost all French warship projects in the 1920s. The main "all advanced" battery setting was influenced by the pre-1921 British battlecruiser project and Nelson -the warship class.
The warship Richelieu has, with a caliber of 380 mm (14.96 inches), and a thick 327 mm (12.9 inch) belt armor covering about 60% of the total length, the same hitting and defensive power. as a contemporary warship built within the 35,000-ton limit of displacement in the Naval Washington Agreement. The maximum speed of 32 knots (59 km/h, 37 mph) is only surpassed by U.S. class warships Iowa .
Maps French battleship Jean Bart (1940)
Construction
Jean Bart was laid down in December 1936; he was built on a large Caquot dock in PenhoÃÆ'Â tt, commonly known as "Jean Bart -dock". He floated on March 6, 1940, and was moved from the building basin to a nearby fitting basin. He was expected to leave in October 1940. In May 1940, it was decided that an unfinished warship should be sent to a safer place in Britain or in French Africa, beyond the reach of the Luftwaffe. However, the fitting-out basin, where the ship was floating, was separated from the navigation channel by the earth's dam. At the end of May, when it appeared that Germany would win the Battle of France, the Navy began to dredge the earth's dam, so Jean Bart could leave at high tide on 20 June. Half the propulsion machine (boilers and turbine) is installed, for use when needed. On June 18, when the German forces approached, the captain was ordered to prepare to sail immediately or to tackle the ship. The dredging work was completed the next night, with a very narrow boundary for the warship, and in the early hours of June 19, almost in German pioneer view, Jean Bart - almost 75% complete, the steam engine was not never worked before, and under threat from German bombers - taken from the pier of Saint Nazaire by four tugs. He reached Casablanca under his own steam on June 22; the average speed at the end of the journey is 22 knots (41 km/h, 25 mph).
Characteristics on June 19, 1940
He was only about 75% completed when construction was stopped by him escaping to Casablanca.
Armament
The main battery designed is an eight 380 mm (15.0 inch)/45 mode 19le weapon in two quadruple Advanced 19le turret modes, Secondary batteries are nine 152 mm (6.0 inch)/52 1930 Model rifles, in three dual-purpose ModÃÆ'¨le 1936 turret stern, two lateral and one axial.
Primary and secondary artillery
From 1936 to 1938, twenty-one 380 mm/45 1935 rifle modes of weapons were built in the establishment of the Ruelle naval artillery. Sixteen must be mounted on Richelieu and Jean Bart , two must be maintained in Ruelle, and three for the GÃÆ'nà ¢ vres gunnery testing ground, near Lorient. Twelve installed: eight on Richelieu and four on turret # 1 in Jean Bart . The remaining nine fell into German hands in 1940, with the exception of one missing when the Mecanicien Principal Lestin vessel . headed for Casablanca, drowned out by a German air strike at the Gironde estuary in June 1940. It took a barrel that catered for Jean Bart's main # 2 turret.
When it was decided, in November 1939, to reallocate the 152 mm towers in the middle of the first pair of Richelieu class warships to the next battleship to be built, Clemenceau >, no armor plating is installed on the existing barbettes, at Richelieu , and the installation of the corresponding barbettes has been canceled on Jean Bart . When Jean Bart left Saint-Nazaire, to Casablanca, in June 1940, none of the three backs of 152 turrets had not been installed.
anti-air light rifle
Because there is a 100% shortage (3.94 inches) turret of the Model CAD 1930, intended to be replaced with a 152 mm turret in the middle of the vessel at Richelieu and Jean Bart, to install on Jean Bart 90 mm (3.54 in) CAD ModÃÆ'¨le 1930 turret, which is used on the latest lightweight cruiser La GalissonniÃÆ'¨re -class. The 90Ã, mm (3,54Ã, in)/50 ModÃ|le 1926 arm of this turret fired the 1925 model OEA shell, weighing 9.5 kg (20.9 lb), with a muzzle velocity of 850 m/s, at the maximum range 15.440 Ã, m (16.900Ã, yd) and ceiling 10.600Ã, (34.800Ã, ft) (at a maximum elevation of 80Ã, Â °). Fire rate is 10-15rpm theoretical, 6-8rpm practical.
Due to the difficulty of throwing away the twin 37 mm ACAD ModÃÆ'¨le 1935 instal in time for Jean Bart's withdrawal from Saint-Nazaire, in June 1940, he was installed, as Dunkerque - class warships, and Richelieu , with the installation of an inefficient 37A mm CAD Mode 1933, in rare numbers.
When Jean Bart walked to Casablanca, he was fitted with two CAD 90Ã, mm (3.5 inches), mounted hastily the day before but without ammunition; with three 37Ã, mm (1.5Ã, in) CAD ModÃÆ'¨le 1933 mounting, and two four-gun and four two-gun 13.2 mm (0.52 in) MG, but no target designation or integrated control system.
Fire control system
Because it was designed with an exact fire control system such as Richelieu , no director or distance finder was installed before Jean Bart left Saint-Nazaire, not even 14 m (46Ã, ft) stereoscopic range search, which should be installed in the main tower still in place.
Aircraft facilities
The flight facilities also remain incomplete, only catapult bases, elevators, and towing cranes are installed.
Armor and underwater armor
The hull armor is installed exactly as it was designed for Richelieu :
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- 327 mm (12.9 inch) armored belt, with a slope of 15 Â ° 24 ', between frame 51.50 and frame 182.95 and 3.38 meters (11.1 feet) above surface water up to 2.50 meters (8.2 feet)) below the waterline.
- 233Ã, mm (9.2Ã, in) thick armor fore and aft, reinforced to 355 mm (14.0 in) for the fore fore between first and second platform deck,
- 150 mm (5.9 inches) upper armored deck, above the engine, and 170 mm (6.7 inches) above the main artillery magazine, and a lower armature deck 40 mm (1.6 inches), extended to frame 233. After a stern cross, a 100 mm (3.9 inch) steel-coated deck above the shaft is raised to 150 mm (5.9 inches) above the steering gear.
The conning tower has the same armor thickness as Richelieu (340 mm (13 inches) in front and side), but the turret gun no 2 380 mm is just a steel frame, without armor plating because no barrel can be mounted before warship leaving France.
The underwater protection is exactly the same (width 7m) as in Richelieu . It consists of a vacuum sandwich, light bulkheads, liquid loading compartment or compartment filled with a non-rubber-based water compound ( ÃÆ' Â © bonite-mousse ), and a heavy internal barrier to absorb blast torpedo head.
Propulsion
Four Parsons turbines, and six Indret Sural boilers are installed, but only boiler boiler space after that, and turbines from the engine room after being in work order. Only two propellers are mounted on the outside, on 6-7 June.
History
In Casablanca
Jean Bart , moored in the port of Casablanca, remains incomplete as the facility to complete it is completely lacking. The 90 mm and 37 mm roof was even lowered, and moved to the Casablanca port anti-aircraft defense, and the battles were left with only four 13.2 mm AA twin guns.
During 1941, the 14x (14ft) 14x OST ModÃÆ'¨le gauge was mounted on the platform of the 8th tower, and the other 2637-foot, 26-ft, OPL Moderation denimer above the tower # 2. A 3M SOM range finder (9 , 8 ft.) Was installed above the conning tower for navigation, and, in October, two fire control directors, with 3M (9.8Ã, ft) SOM range finder, removed from Dunkerque, mounted on the wing of the bridge.
In April 1942, the anti-aircraft defense was reinforced with four 37A single AA CAS ModÃÆ'¨le 1925 mounting, and two newly built 90-mm twin AA mounts. In May, a standard fire test of a 380 mm weapon was performed, as a fire control system was conceived, using triangulation from three dots, Jean Bart's front tower, and a beach station from Sidi Abderhamane and Dar Bou Azza. In June, two 37A AA double semi-automatic CAD ModÃÆ'¨le 1933 mounting was installed as a single 1925 mm 1925 Mode, but one, was lowered. The initial installation of the French DEM radar was installed, with two antennas spinning on top of the front tower, and passing for operational services in October. During early November, the installation of the fifth AA 90A was installed.
On November 8, 1942, the Allied landing in France North Africa (Operation Torch) began. French government forces Vichy attacked the Allied forces to defend the neutrality of Morocco France, which came to be known as the Casablanca Sea Battle. Jean Bart fired four 380 mm (15 in) rifles from his operational turret on a US warship that included a landing. He was beaten and slightly damaged by US dive bombers from the aircraft carrier USS Ranger . The warship was silenced by the fifth attack of a 406 mm (16.0 in) rifle from the USSÃ, Massachusetts , which stalled the rotating mechanism of the working turret. The first of the seven 406 mm (16.0 inches) that hit it, and the only one that penetrated the upper armored deck, had exploded in a tower magazine 152 mm (6.0 inches), which was empty because the tower had not been installed. In a normal state of war, this event could have disastrous consequences. The weakness of the armor from these magazines is known, and should be fixed on Gascogne .
Turret 380 mm (15 inches) quickly repaired. On November 10th, Jean Bart fired again, and nearly hit the USSÃ, Augusta , the Task Force troop 34. The bomber from Ranger soon caused severe damage to him, two heavy bombs that hit the bow and stern, and he drowned into the mud harbor with a pile of collisions. Commanding officer Jean Bart Captain Barthes was promoted to the Admiral on 18 November 1942. For three days from the 'Battle of Casablanca', Jean Bart fired twenty-five rounds 380 mm; Twenty-two of his sailors were killed.
Enhancement
After the North African French forces joined the Allies, France hoped to complete Jean Bart in the United States, as it had done for Richelieu . But the first decision affecting Jean Bart was to remove four 380 mm of the main artillery barrel # 1, which was sent to the United States, to replace Richelieu's destroyed barrel. , which has not been fixed in Dakar, due to German obstruction.
Then, the ship was quickly made worthy of the sea for the Atlantic voyage. The proposal for its completion was sent to the US Navy by Vice Admiral Fenard, Chief of Mission of the French Navy to the United States. A proposal in May 1943 was completed as a hybrid warship. Jean Bart will be armed with just one main turret, using a 340 mm (13.4 in) weapon from Lorraine that has been interned in Alexandria in 1940. For this would be to add fifteen 12-inch double-magnitude 127mm (5 inch) turret made in the United States, sixteen 40mm (1.6 in) quad mounted bofors, multiple Oerlikon 20mm (0.79 inch) buffers, and aircraft installation for six aircraft (Grumman Avenger or Bomber Fairey Barracuda and Hellcat or Seafire fighters). The second proposal, cheaper, is for anti-aircraft warships. Armament will use the main battery as the first proposal, plus seventeen 127 mm (5 inches) double turret and twenty Bofors quad 40 mm (1.6 inches). US Navy staff concluded that American shipyards could not easily emulate French methodology and that the required parts were not available; all proposals were rejected by Admiral Ernest King, commander of US Navy operations, in March 1944, and Jean Bart lived in Casablanca.
When the war ended, the French Navy decided, on February 22, 1945, Jean Bart would not be canceled but the question of how the ship should be settled remains. At a meeting of the French Navy Council, on September 21, 1945, Louis Kahn, Chief of Naval Construction, who had designed a first-class aircraft carrier in the 1930s, proposed to finish it as 40,000 tonnes (39,000 tonnes long) aircraft. The conversion will take no less than five years at a cost of 5 billion francs. This did not seem to be satisfactory, especially to Admiral Fenard and Admiral Nomy (later Chief of Staff in 1951), since the foreign aircraft carrier carried twice the plane on the same displacements; for example, the English HMS Hawk is under construction having 38,600 ton long (39,200 t) displacement, (46,000 tonnes long (47,000 t) full load), and is designed for 80 aircraft. Rear Admiral Barjot notes that it seems odd that there is so much opposition to the carrier's conversion, although wartime experience indicates the need for aircraft carriers. The decision was finally made to complete Jean Bart as a warship, a Richelieu  ». He will be a commando ship with heavy anti-aircraft weapons, while his main armament will be useful for coastal bombing.
Jean Bart , who had left Casablanca in August 1945 for Cherbourg, who had the only useful funeral dock on the Atlantic coast of France at the time, was transferred to Laninon Brest Arsenal dock in March 1946. The work went slowly because the facility has not recovered from wartime damage.
battery and radar 380 mm and 152 mm
After the war, nine 380 mm guns were built in Ruelle, two in 1945, three in 1946, and four in 1947. One was held in Ruelle, seven mounted on Jean Bart, eighth pistol in Jean Bart , in 1949, became the fourth pistol of Jean Bart ' s # 1 turret, sent in 1943 to the US Dahlgren cannon test site.
The warship emerged with a much narrower control tower fore, which was topped by only one fire control director ( Richelieu having two after he repaired). The fire control system was not specifically updated, and the mounted radar was France's first postwar type.
Eight distance meters are installed,
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- for a 380 mm battery, a 14 m (46 feet) storm OCT stereoscopic spy, in the fire control director on top of the front tower, and then, two OPL distance gauges four stereoscopic axes 14.2 m (47 ft) the main artillery tower,
- for a 152 mm (6.0 inch) battery, two 8.0 m (26Ã, ft) duplicate OCT stereoscopic rangefinders on the fire control director, above and behind the tower thereafter, and three 8.0 m (26Ã , F) duplicate OCT stereoscopic rangefinders in three Mod Modx xll 1936 turrets.
An ABM fire control radar was installed, in 1948, in the presence of a fire control director on top of the front tower.
Surface control radar is a 10-type DRBV type, which was installed in November 1948, on top of the convoy tower, and a 30-type DRBV radar for navigation purposes, on the main mast. Airborne Radar is a DRBV type 20, installed in June 1949, lower on the main mast, in November 1949.
In 1948, Jean Bart received an additional bulge to limit the draft increase, due to the planned installation of a stronger anti-aircraft artillery; the emission reaches 35.5 meters (116 feet), but eight 40 mm (1.6 inches) and twenty 20 mm Oerlikon remains tentative for anti-aircraft defenses. The Gunnery experiment for the main and second batteries was done, in January 1949, and the sea velocity test, on February 7, 1949, showed a top speed of more than 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph) with 46,500 t (45,800 tonnes) displacement. Thus, Jean Bart has been officially commissioned on January 16, 1949.
Since 1950, Jean Bart has received a new radar. First, the 152 mm (6.0 inch) battery fire control director is installed, for anti-aircraft purposes, with two ACAE radars not proven to be very reliable. From 1951, air-guard radar and the 11-type DRBV surfaces were mounted on the main pole, so DRBV 20 and DRBV 30 radar were moved to the front pole. Because this DRBV type 11 radar is low performing, its replacement with the DRBV 22 type is intended, but this was never done.
The ABM type radar is replaced by DRBC10A type radar, which is proven to be efficient up to 25,000 m (27,000 yd) range.
The # 1 main turret was mothballed at the end of 1951, and turret # 2 was partly finished, but the latter was reactivated in two weeks, in August 1956, due to Jean Bart's participation at the Suez Expedition.
The ammunition provisions were, from 1955-1957, from three hundred and twenty-eight 380 mm (15 inches) OPfK Model 1943 shell of US manufacture, and four hundred six shells of the UAE Model 1945 from British manufacturing, and to the152 mm (6.0%). ) battery, 750 OPF and 2284 OEA.
Anti-aircraft guns
AA 40mm interrupt AA Bofors weapon was removed in 1952, and the remaining 20 mm Oerlikon rifle in 1954.
Anti-aircraft short-range artillery, twenty-four weapons (3.9 inches) in twelve CAD Modes 1946 double stands, and twenty-eight Bofors have 57 mm (2.2 in) weapons in fourteen ACAD French-made vans ¨ le 1948 double mounting, installed in 1952-1953.
Weapons 100Ã, mm/55 ModÃ|le 1945 fired 13.3 kg (29 pounds) bullets at speeds of 20-25 rpm, with a muzzle speed of 855 m/s (2,810 ft/s), and had a maximum range of 17,000 m (19,000 yd ), and a ceiling of 11,500 m (37,700 ft), at a maximum height of 70 Â °. Jean Bart ' s CAD ModÃÆ'¨le 1946 closed two mountings, weighing 26.55 t (26.13 ton long), such as Richelieu < span> ' s 100 mm (3.9 inches) CAD ModÃÆ'¨le 1931 double stand has a weight of 13.5 t (13.3 ton long). They are controlled by four gyro-stable directors, derived from German Wackeltopf equipped with 10.5 cm (4.1 inches) of warships and cruisers Kriegsmarine. But the four ACAE radar mounted on the director has poor performance, we have seen it for a 152 mm (6.0 inch) battery, and its replacement is by DRBC 30B radar type, as it is fitted to 57 mm (2.2 in) AA batteries projected but never intervened.
The French Navy, for Jean Bart ' melee anti-aircraft artillery, wanted to have a caliber heavier than 40 mm (1.6 inches). The new Bofors 57 mm (2.2 in)/60 ModÃÆ'¨le 1947 was chosen, with a double mounting ACAD ModÃÆ'¨le 1948 made by France. The rifle fires a 2.96 kg (6.5 lb) shell at a rate of 120 rpm, with a muzzle speed of 850 m/s (2,800 ft/s), at a maximum range of 14,500 m (15,900 yd) and a ceiling of 5,500 m (18,000 feet), at a maximum height of 90 °. The weight of fully closed ACAD installation is 18 t (18 ton long). They are controlled by five fire control systems, with DRBC 30B type radar on the directors, which follow the targets automatically. This 57 mm double stand is mounted on eighteen Surcouf-escorteurs d'escadre , on eighteen Le Corse and Le Normand -class
Post-war active service
Jean Bart was accepted in active service on May 1, 1955. He immediately brought the President of the French Republic on an official visit to Copenhagen, and proceeded to Oslo. In July, he took part (in New York) during a ceremony celebrating the 175th anniversary of the French army landing led by the Comte de Rochambeau in Newport, Rhode Island, during the American War of Independence. On October 21st, in Toulon, Jean Bart succeeded Richelieu as the flagship of the Southern School Group.
During his active career, Jean Bart has 750 to 900 male supplements; 1500 has been planned. He reached over 1200 people when he would be sent because of the Suez Canal crisis, but even then, only the # 2 380 (15 Â °) furnace tower and a 152 mm (6.0 inch) axial turret, and about half. anti-aircraft battery towers can be maintained.
In 1956, he took part in the operation of Port-SaÃÆ'¯d during the Suez Crisis, but only fired four rounds with a 380 mm (15 in) rifle against the targeted ground. Most French fire support comes from Aeronavale Corsairs launched from the operators of Arromanches, and La Fayette . Jean Bart's main operational contribution ' is to send the 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment from Algeria to Cyprus.
After firing a final French Navy shot 380 mm (15 inches) in July 1957, Jean Bart was placed as reserve, on 1 August 1957, and served as a school ship for a training school in Toulon.. Thereafter, there were proposals in 1957-1958 to modernize its anti-aircraft artillery with a new 100 mm turret (Model 53 in place of Model 45), or later to turn it into a guided missile warship as it had been done. USSÃ, Mississippi (but no missiles made in France at the time, so it is proposed to use US Terrier missiles). In 1964, when a commando was sought by the Pacific Center for Nuclear Experiments, the De Grasse cruiser was preferred over Jean Bart, which would be more expensive to change.. The following year the ship appeared in the postmodernist story of director Jean-Luc Godard Pierrot le Fou, the last action photographed in Toulon.
Turned off in 1968, Jean Bart was removed in 1970 at BrÃÆ' Â © gaillon near Toulon, leaving Turkey Yavuz , earlier SMSÃ, Goeben , one the only survivors. floats in the waters of Europe from the era of warships.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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