Marion Mitchell Morrison (born Marion Robert Morrison ; May 26, 1907 - June 11, 1979), known professionally as John Wayne and was nicknamed Duke , is an American actor and filmmaker. Academy Award Winner for True Grit (1969), Wayne was among the top box office draws for three decades.
Born in Winterset, Iowa, Wayne grew up in Southern California. He was president of Glendale Higher 1925 class. He found work at local movie studios when he lost a soccer scholarship to the University of Southern California as a result of bodysurfing accidents. Originally employed for Fox Film Corporation, it appeared mostly in small parts. His first major role came in the widescreen epic Raoul Walsh The Big Trail (1930), which led to a major role in many B movies throughout the 1930s, mostly in the Western genre.
Wayne's career began in 1939, with John Ford Stagecoach making him an instant star. She went on to star in 142 films, including dozens with her name on top of the titles produced before 1939. Biography of Ronald Davis said, "John Wayne is personified for millions of national border heritage, Eighty-three movies are Western, and in it he plays cowboys, cavalry, and an unbeatable loner taken from the mythical creation of the Republican center. "
Other famous Wayne West roles include a rancher riding north on the Chisholm Trail in Red River (1948), a Civil War veteran whose niece was kidnapped by the Comanches tribe in The Searchers (1956), a troubled breeder competed with a lawyer (James Stewart) for a woman in marriage in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962), and a dispute. eyed marshal at True Grit (1969). He was also remembered for his role in The Quiet Man 1952, Rio Bravo (1959) with Dean Martin, and The Longest Day (1962). In his final screen performance, he starred as a shooter who was battling cancer at The Shootist (1976). He appeared with many important Hollywood stars of his time, and his last public appearance was at the Academy Awards ceremony on April 9, 1979.
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Wayne was born Marion Robert Morrison on May 26, 1907 at 224 South Second Street in Winterset, Iowa. The local newspaper, Winterset Madisonian , was reported on page 4 of May 30, 1907, that Wayne weighs 13 pounds. (about 6 kg) at birth. Her middle name was immediately changed from Robert to Mitchell when her parents decided to name their next son, Robert. Wayne's father, Clyde Leonard Morrison (1884-1937), was the son of American Civil War veteran Marion Mitchell Morrison (1845-1915). Ms. Wayne, former Maria "Molly" Alberta Brown (1885-1970), originally from Lancaster County, Nebraska. Wayne's ancestors included Scotland, Ireland, Scotland-Ireland, and England. She grew up Presbyterian.
The Wayne family moved to Palmdale, California, and then in 1916 to Glendale, California, where his father worked as a pharmacist. He attended Glendale Union High School where he performed well in sports and academics. Wayne is part of his high school soccer team and his debating team. He is also president of the Latin Society and contributes to the sports column of school newspapers.
A local fire brigade at the station on the route to school at Glendale started calling him "Little Duke" because he never went anywhere without the Airedale Terrier, Duke. He prefers "Duke" to "Marion", and his nickname is stuck. Wayne attended Wilson Middle School in Glendale. As a teenager, he worked in an ice cream shop for a man who pinned a horse for Hollywood studios. He is also active as a member of the Order of DeMolay, the youth organization of Freemasons. He played football for the 1924 league champions Glendale High School team.
Wayne enrolled at the US Naval Academy, but he was not accepted. Instead, he attended the University of Southern California (USC), majoring in pre-law. He is a member of the Trojan knight and the brotherhood of Sigma Chi. Wayne also played on USC football team under coach Howard Jones. A broken collarbone injury limits her athletic career; Wayne later noted that he was too scared of Jones's reaction to reveal the true cause of his injury, a bodysurfing accident. He lost his athletic scholarship, and without funds, had to leave the university.
As an aid to USC football coach Howard Jones, who has given the western silent movie star, Tom Mix, tickets for USC games, directors John Ford and Mix hired Wayne as a foster and additional child. Wayne then credited walking, talking, and persona to his acquaintance with Wyatt Earp, who was good friends with Tom Mix. Wayne immediately moved into small parts, building an old friendship with the director who gave most of the role, John Ford. At the beginning of this period, he had a small role and was not recognized as a guard in the 1926 film Bardelys the Magnificent. Wayne also appeared with USC teammates playing soccer at Brown's Harvard (1926), The Dropkick (1927), and Respect (1929) and Columbia's Maker of Men (filmed in 1930, released in 1931).
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Movie careers
Early career and breakthrough
While working for Fox Film Corporation in bit roles, Wayne was given credit on screen as "Duke Morrison" only once, at Words and Music (1929). Director Raoul Walsh saw him move the studio furniture while working as a boy and toss it in his first lead role on The Big Trail (1930). For the screen name, Walsh suggested "Anthony Wayne", after Revolutionary War Revolutionary "Mad" Anthony Wayne. Fox Studios chief Winfield Sheehan rejected it because it sounded "too Italian". Walsh then suggested "John Wayne". Sheehan agrees, and the name is set. Wayne did not even attend the discussion. Her salary was raised to $ 105 a week.
The Big Trail will be the first big space spectacle in the era of sound, made at a staggering cost of over $ 2 million, using hundreds of extras and vast sights in southwestern America, still largely uninhabited at the time. To take advantage of the stunning scenery, it was filmed in two versions, a standard 35-mm version and the other in the new 70mm Grandeur film process, using innovative cameras and lenses. Many spectators who saw him at the Grandeur stood up and cheered. However, only a handful of cinemas are equipped to display the movie in the big screen process, and the effort is largely wasted. Although highly regarded by modern critics, the film is considered a major failure at the box office at the time.
After the commercial failure of The Big Trail, Wayne was degraded into minor roles in A-pictures, including Columbia The Deceiver (1931), where he played corpses. He appeared in the series The Three Musketeers (1933), the latest version of the Alexandre Dumas novel in which the protagonists were soldiers in the French Foreign Legion in North Africa at the time. She plays the lead role, with her name on top of the title, in many Low Budget Poverty Row Westerns, mostly in Monogram Pictures and the series for Mascot Pictures Corporation. With his own estimates of Wayne, he appeared in about 80 opera horses from 1930 to 1939. In Rings of Destiny (1933), he became one of the first cowboy singing films, though through dubbing. Wayne also appeared in several Western 'Three Mesquiteers', whose title was the classic Dumas game. He is guided by stuntmen in equestrian and other western skills. Stuntman Yakima Canutt and Wayne developed and perfected the stunts and screening techniques of the still-used screen.
Wayne's breakthrough role came with John Ford's Stagecoach (1939). Due to Wayne-B-movie status and its low Western budget track record throughout the 1930s, Ford had difficulty getting financing for what became an A-budget movie. After rejection by all major studios, Ford made a deal with independent producer Walter Wanger in which Claire Trevor - a much larger star at the time - received the top bill. Stagecoach is a very important and financial success, and Wayne is a major star. Cast Louise Platt credited Ford saying at the time that Wayne would be the biggest star ever because of his appeal as an archetypical "common man".
The entry of America into World War II resulted in a flood of support for the war effort of all sectors of society, and Hollywood was no exception. Wayne was released from service because of his age (34 at Pearl Harbor) and family status (classified as 3-A - family delays) even though actor Henry Fonda, born two years earlier, volunteered and served three years. Wayne repeatedly wrote to John Ford saying he wanted to register, on one occasion asking if he could get into Ford's military unit, but consistently kept postponing it until after "he finished just one or two pictures". Wayne did not try to prevent his reclassification as a 1-A (eligible design), but Republic Studios firmly refused to lose it because he was the only contracted A-list actor. Herbert J. Yates, President of the Republic, threatened Wayne with a lawsuit if he abandoned his contract, and Republic Pictures intervened in the Selective Service process, requesting further delay from Wayne.
Wayne visited US base and hospital in the South Pacific for three months in 1943 and 1944. with USO. With many notes, his failure to serve in the military was the most painful part of his life. His widow then states that his patriotism in the later decades begins with guilt, writes: "He will be a 'super patriot' for the rest of his life trying to redeem for living at home."
US National Archives records show that Wayne has, in fact, made applications to serve in the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), a modern CIA's predecessor, and has been received in US Army allocated billets to OSS. William J. Donovan, the OSS Commander, wrote Wayne's letter telling him about his acceptance to the Field Photography Unit, but the letter was sent to the home of his estranged wife Josephine. He never told him about it. Donovan also issued the OSS Service Certificate to Wayne.
Commercial success
Wayne's first color film was Shepherd of the Hills (1941), where he was with his old friend Harry Carey. The following year, he appeared in the only film directed by Cecil B. DeMille, the Technicolor epic Reap the Wild Wind (1942), where he co-starred Ray Milland and Paulette Goddard; it is one of those rare moments he plays a character with questionable values.
In 1949, director Robert Rossen offered the lead role of All the King's Men to Wayne. Wayne refused, believing the manuscript to be un-American in many ways. Broderick Crawford, who eventually got the role, won an Oscar in 1949 for best male actor, ironically defeating Wayne, who was nominated for Sands of Iwo Jima.
He lost the lead role in The Gunfighter (1950) to Gregory Peck for his refusal to work for Columbia Pictures because his leader, Harry Cohn, had persecuted him many years earlier when he was a young contract player. Cohn had bought the project for Wayne, but Wayne's grudge was too deep, and Cohn sold the script to Twentieth Century Fox, who threw Peck in a role he desperately wanted, but he refused to bend it.
One of Wayne's most popular roles is in The High and the Mighty (1954), directed by William Wellman, and based on Ernest K. Gann's novel. His portrayal of a heroic copilot won widespread recognition. Wayne also describes the aviators in the Flying Tigers (1942), Flying Leathernecks (1951), The Island in the Sky (1953), The Wings of Eagles (1957), and Jet Pilot (1957).
He appeared in nearly two dozen John Ford movies over the past twenty years, including She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949), The Quiet Man (1952), The Wings of Eagles (1957), and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962) with James Stewart: the first film in which he called someone "Pilgrim". Ford's The Searchers (1956), often thought to contain Wayne's best and most complex performance. He named his youngest son, Ethan, after the character.
Later career
John Wayne won Best Actor Oscar for True Grit (1969). It comes 20 years after the only other nomination. Wayne was also nominated for Best Picture for The Alamo (1960) producer, one of two films he directed. The other is The Green Beret (1968), the only major film made during the Vietnam War to support the war. During the filming of The Green Baret, the Degar or Montagnards of the Central Highlands of Vietnam, a fierce fighter against communism, gave Wayne a bracelet he wore in the film and all the subsequent films.
Wayne took on the role of the eponymous detective in the crime drama McQ (1974). His final film is The Shootist (1976), whose main character, J. B. Books, is dying of cancer - a disease that Wayne himself grabbed three years later.
Batjac, a production company founded by Wayne, was named after the Batjak fiction ship in Wake of the Red Witch (1948), a film based on Garland Roark's novel. (Spelling mistakes by Wayne's secretary were allowed to stand up, explaining the variations.) Batjac (and his predecessor, Wayne-Fellows Productions) is the arm Wayne uses to produce many films for himself and other stars. The famous non-Wayne production is Seven Men From Now (1956), which started a classic collaboration between Budd Boetticher and Randolph Scott, and Gun the Man Down (1956) with contract player James Arness as a villain.
In the Motion Picture Herald The Big Ten of Western Star Money Laundering, Wayne enrolled in 1936 and 1939. He appeared in a Box Office ballot in 1939 and 1940. While two polls this is really an indication of the popularity of the series stars, Wayne also appeared in the Top Ten Money Makers Poll of all the films from 1949 to 1957 and 1958 to 1974, occupying the first position in 1950, 1951, 1954, and 1971. With a total 25 years on the list, Wayne has more appearances than any other star, more than Clint Eastwood (21) who is in second place.
In the following years, Wayne was recognized as a kind of American natural resource, and his critics, of his performance and his politics, viewed him with more respect. Abbie Hoffman, a radical in the 1960s, paid homage to Wayne's singularity, saying, "I love Wayne's wholeness, his style, while for his politics, well - I think even cavemen feel a little bit amazed at the dinosaurs who tried to devour them." The Cowboys (1972), Vincent Canby of The New York Times , who did not really care about the film, wrote: "Wayne, of course, is incredibly indestructible, and he has become an almost perfect father figure ".
Radio jobs
Like most Hollywood stars at the time, Wayne appeared as a guest on various radio programs, such as: The Hedda Hopper Show and The Louella Parsons Show . He made a number of appearances in dramatic roles, especially recreation for his own movie radio, on programs such as Playhouse Screen Director and Lux ​​Radio Theater. For six months in 1942, Wayne starred in his own series of radio adventures, Three Sheets to the Wind, produced by film director Tay Garnett. In this series, an international spy/detective show, Wayne plays Dan O'Brien, a detective who uses alcoholism as a mask for his investigative efforts. The show was intended by Garnett to be a kind of pilot for the movie version, though the movie never worked. No episodes of the series featuring Wayne seem to exist, although a demonstration episode with Brian Donlevy in the lead role does exist. Wayne, not Donlevy, played a role throughout the running series on NBC.
Personal life
Wayne married three times and divorced twice. His three wives, one of Spanish American descent and two Hispanic descendants, are Josephine Alicia Saenz, Esperanza Baur, and Pilar Pallete. He has four children with Josephine: Michael Wayne (November 23, 1934 - April 2, 2003), Mary Antonia "Toni" Wayne LaCava (February 25, 1936 - December 6, 2000), Patrick Wayne (born July 15, 1939), Melinda Wayne Munoz ( born December 3, 1940). He has three more children with Pilar: Aissa Wayne (born March 31, 1956), John Ethan Wayne (born February 22, 1962), and Marisa Wayne (born February 22, 1966).
Some of Wayne's children enter the film and television industry; Child Wayne Ethan was billed as John Ethan Wayne in several films, and played one of the clues in the 1990s update of the Adam-12 television series.
His most serious divorce was from Esperanza Baur, a former Mexican actress. He believes that Wayne and his co-star Gail Russell are having an affair, a claim that Wayne and Russell rejected. The movie night of Angel and the Badman (1947) was wrapped up, there was a regular party for cast and crew, and Wayne came home very late. Esperanza was drunk when he arrived, and he tried to shoot him as he walked through the front door.
Wayne has several important affairs, including one with Marlene Dietrich which lasted for three years and one with Merle Oberon which lasted from 1938 to 1947. After parting from his wife, Pilar, in 1973, Wayne became romantically engaged and lived with his former secretary Pat Stacy (1941-1995) until his death in 1979. He published a biography of his life with him in 1983, titled Duke: A Love Story .
Wayne's hair began to thin out in the 1940s, and he started wearing wigs at the end of the decade. She is sometimes seen in public without a mood (as, according to Life magazine, at Gary Cooper's funeral). During a very famous appearance at Harvard University, Wayne was asked by a student "Is it true that your toupà © is a real mohair?" He replied, "Well, sir, real hair, not mine, but real hair."
A close friend of Wayne, California congressman Alphonzo E. Bell, Jr., wrote of him, "Duke's personality and sense of humor is very close to what the public sees on the big screen." Perhaps this is best shown by these words. engraved on a placard: 'Each of us is a mixture of some good and some not so good qualities.In considering fellow human beings it is important to remember the good things... We must refrain from making judgments only because coincidence become SOB dirty, rotten. '"
Wayne biographer Michael Munn notes the habit of drinking Wayne. According to Sam O'Steen's memoir, Cut to the Chase, the studio director knew to photographing Wayne's scene before noon, as he was "heavily intoxicated" that afternoon. She has been a chain-smoking cigarette since early adulthood and was diagnosed with lung cancer in 1964. She underwent a successful surgery to remove all her left lung and four ribs. Despite efforts by his business partner to prevent him from going public with his illness for fear that it will get him working, Wayne announces he has cancer and asks people to get a preventative check. Five years later, Wayne was declared cancer free. Wayne has been credited with coining the term "The Big C" as a euphemism for cancer.
The height of Wayne has been reported at least 6 ft. 4 inches (193 cm).
He is a Freemason, a Master Mason at Marion McDaniel Lodge. 56 F & amp; AM, in Tucson, Arizona. He became a 32nd Scottish Rite Mason and later joined the Temple of Al Malaikah Temple in Los Angeles. He became a member of the York Rite. During the early 1960s, John Wayne traveled extensively to Panama, where he purchased the Taborcillo island off the main coast. It was sold by his property at the time of his death.
Wayne's yacht, Wild Goose , is one of his favorite things. He continues to dock at Newport Harbor and is listed on the US National Register of Historic Places in 2011.
Wayne is fond of literature, his favorite authors are Charles Dickens, Arthur Conan Doyle, and Agatha Christie. His favorite books are David Copperfield , and the historical novels of Conan Doyle The White Company and Sir Nigel .
Political view
Throughout much of his life, Wayne was a leading vocal conservative Republican in Hollywood, supporting an anti-communist position. Originally a socialist describing himself during his college years, he elected Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1936 presidential election and expressed admiration for Roosevelt's successor, fellow Democratic President Harry S. Truman. He took part in creating a conservative Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals in February 1944, and was elected president of the organization in 1949. A supporter of the strongly anti-communist and vocal American Communist Party, he made Big Jim McLain (1952) with himself as a HUAC investigator to show his support for the cause of anti-communism. Unclassified Soviet documents reveal that, despite being fans of Wayne's films, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin according to some sources contemplates Wayne's killing of his often-backed anti-communist politics.
Wayne supported Vice President Richard Nixon in the 1960 presidential election, but expressed his vision of patriotism when John F. Kennedy won the election: "I do not vote for him but he is my president, and I hope he does a good job." He uses his star power to supporting conservative causes, including garnering support for the Vietnam War by producing, directing code, and financially successful starring, critically highlighting The Green Baret (1968).
Because of his status as the highest profile Republican star in Hollywood, wealthy Texas Republican supporters asked Wayne to run for national office in 1968, such as his friend and fellow senator George Murphy. He refused, joking that he did not believe the public would seriously consider an actor in the White House. Instead, he supported his friend Ronald Reagan's journey to California's governor in 1966 and 1970. He was asked to become the nominee of Alabama Democrat Governor George Wallace in 1968, but he rejected the offer and actively campaigned for Richard Nixon; Wayne spoke of the Republican National Convention on his opening day in August 1968. For a while, he was also a member of the anti-communist John Birch Society.
Wayne was openly different from the Republican Party over the Panama Canal problem, as he supported the Panama Canal Treaty in the mid-1970s; the conservatives want the United States to maintain full control over the channel, but Wayne believes that the Panamanians have the right to channel and side with President Jimmy Carter and the Democrats. Wayne is a close friend of the late leader of Panama, Omar Torrijos Herrera, and Wayne's first wife, Josephine, is a native of Panama. His support of the treaty earned him a hate letter for the first time in his life.
In May 1971, Playboy published an interview with Wayne that produced a storm of controversy. Wayne declared his support for the Vietnam War, and made headlines for his stern opinion on social issues and race relations in the United States:
With many blacks, there is a bit of hatred along with their differences of opinion, and perhaps it should be. But we can not suddenly kneel down and leave it all to the black man's leadership. I believe in white supremacy until blacks are educated to the point of responsibility. I do not believe in giving authority and leadership positions and judgments to irresponsible people. "
... I do not feel we are wrong in taking this great country from [the Native Americans]... What we call stealing this country from them is just a matter of survival. There are so many people who need new land, and Indians selfishly try to defend themselves.
In the same Playboy interview, Wayne also answered the question of whether social programs are good for the country:
I know all about it. In the late 20s, when I was a second-year student at USC, I was a socialist myself - but not when I left. The average idealist college student expects everyone to have ice cream and cake for every meal. But as he gets older and more concerned with his responsibilities and his fellow men, he finds that it can not go that way - that some people will not carry their burden... I believe in welfare - a welfare work program. I do not think people should be able to sit in the back and accept the welfare. I wonder why the highly educated idiots continue to apologize for being lazy and complaining about the people who think the world is living them. I wonder why they make excuses for the cowards who spit on the faces of the police and then run behind the nuns sobis trial. I can not understand these people who carry placards to save the lives of criminals, but do not think of innocent victims.
Death
Although he enrolled in a cancer vaccine study in an effort to ward off the disease, Wayne died of stomach cancer at the age of 72 on June 11, 1979, at UCLA Medical Center. His corpse is buried at Pacific View Park Cemetery in Corona del Mar, Newport Beach. According to his son, Patrick and his grandson, Matthew MuÃÆ' Â ± oz, who was a priest in Orange diocese in California, Wayne entered Roman Catholic just before his death. He requested that his tombstone read "Feo, Fuerte y Formal", a Spanish epitaph of Wayne described as meaning "ugly, strong, and dignified". The grave, which had not been marked for 20 years, is now marked with excerpts from his 1971 controversial interview Playboy : "Tomorrow is the most important thing in life. Come to us in the middle of the night very clean. perfect, when it arrives and it puts us in our hands, it's hoped we've learned something from yesterday. "
Among the cast and crew who filmed The Conqueror (1956) at a nearby location George, Utah, 91 developed several forms of cancer at various times, including Wayne stars, Susan Hayward, Agnes Moorehead, Pedro ArmendÃÆ' ¡Riz, and director Dick Powell. The film was shot in southwestern Utah, east and generally against the wind direction of the US Government's recent nuclear weapons test site in southeastern Nevada. Many argue that the radioactive impact of these tests contaminates the location of the film and poison the film crew working there. Although there were allegations that lung cancer in 1964 and stomach cancer in 1979 was caused by nuclear contamination, he believed his lung cancer was the result of the habit of smoking six packs a day.
Legacy
Awards, celebrations and landmarks
Wayne's eternal status as an American icon is officially recognized by the US government in the form of the two highest civil decorations. On May 26, 1979, he was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal. Hollywood figures and American leaders from across the political spectrum, including Maureen O'Hara, Elizabeth Taylor, Frank Sinatra, Mike Frankovich, Katharine Hepburn, General and Mrs. Omar Bradley, Gregory Peck, Robert Stack, James Arness and Kirk Douglas, testified to Congress to support the award. Robert Aldrich, president of the Guild of America, made a very important statement:
It is important for you to know that I am a registered Democrat and, to my knowledge, have no political views supported by the Duke. However, whether he is sick or healthy, John Wayne goes far beyond normal political oppression in this community. Because of her courage, her dignity, her integrity, and because of her talent as an actor, her strength as leader, her human warmth throughout her renowned career, she deserves a unique place in our hearts and minds. In this industry, we often judge people, sometimes unfairly, by asking if they have paid their dues. John Wayne has paid his dues repeatedly, and I am proud to regard him as a friend and I strongly support my government to acknowledge in important ways the contributions that Mr. Wayne has made.
Wayne was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on June 9, 1980, by President Jimmy Carter. He had attended Carter's inaugural ball "as a member of a loyal opposition", as he described it. In 1998, he was awarded the Navy Memorial Award by the US Navy Memorial Foundation for his support of the Navy and the military during his film career. In 1999, the American Film Institute (AFI) named Wayne 13 among the bestselling films of Hollywood Classical Men.
Various public locations are named in honor of Wayne, including John Wayne Airport in Orange County, California, where a nine foot bronze statue stands at the entrance; John Wayne Marina where Wayne left the land, near Sequim, Washington; John Wayne Elementary School (P.S.380) in Brooklyn, New York, offering a 38-foot mosaic mural commission by New York Knox Martin artist John Wayne and the American Frontier; and a 100-mile trail called the "John Wayne Pioneer Trail" at Washington Iron Horse State Park. Wayne's bronze statue larger than the size of a horse's body was erected on the corner of La Cienega Boulevard and Wilshire Boulevard in Beverly Hills, California, in the former Great Western Savings and Loan Corporation, where Wayne had made the number of advertisements. In the town of Maricopa, Arizona, part of Arizona State Route 347 is named John Wayne Parkway, which crosses the city center.
In 2006, Wayne's friends and his former Arizona business partner, Louis Johnson, inaugurated the "Louie and the Duke Classics" event that benefited the John Wayne Cancer Foundation and the American Cancer Society. Each weekend's event falls at Casa Grande, Arizona, including a golf tournament, John Wayne memorabilia auction, and a roping team competition.
Some celebrations took place on May 26, 2007, a hundred years Wayne's birth. A celebration at John Wayne's birthplace in Winterset, Iowa, including chuck-wagon suppers, concerts by Michael Martin Murphey and Riders in the Sky, Wild West Revue in Wild Buffalo Bill's show style, and Cowboy Symposium with actress Wayne, producer, and customer. Wayne's movies are played over and over at local theaters. Broken ground for the John Wayne New Birthplace Museum and Learning Center at a ceremony consisting of over 30 Wayne family members, including Melinda Wayne MuÃÆ' Â ± oz, Aissa, Ethan, and Marisa Wayne. Later that year, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inaugurated Wayne to the California Hall of Fame, located in the Museum of History, Women, and California Art.
In 2016, Republican lawmaker Matthew Harper proposes marking May 26 as "John Wayne Day" in California. This resolution was rejected by a 35 to 20 vote, due to Wayne's views on race and his support for controversial organizations such as the John Birch Society and the House Un-American Activities Committee.
Cultural image as an American icon
Wayne goes beyond the typical recognition of a famous actor with a timeless icon that symbolizes and communicates American values ​​and ideals. In the middle of his career, Wayne has developed a greater image of life, and as his career develops, he chooses a role that will not harm his outer-screen image. At a party in 1957, Wayne confronted actor Kirk Douglas about the final decision to play Vincent van Gogh's role in the film Lust for Life, saying: "Christ, Kirk, how can you play such a role? so many of us are left.We must play with strong and strong characters, not these weak people. "
The rise of Wayne became a classic movie war hero began to form four years after World War II, when the Sands of Iwo Jima (1949) was released. Her footsteps at Grauman's Chinese theater in Hollywood are placed in sand-filled concrete from Iwo Jima. His status grew so great and legendary that when Japanese Emperor Hirohito visited the United States in 1975, he asked to meet John Wayne, a symbolic representation of his former enemies. Similarly, when Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev visited the United States in 1959, he made two requests: to visit Disneyland and meet Wayne.
Wayne is the only actor to appear in every year's Poll Poll Anniversary of the Most Popular Movie Actor, and the only actor who appears on the list after his death. Wayne has been in the top ten in this poll for 19 consecutive years, beginning in 1994, 15 years after his death.
John Wayne Cancer Foundation
The John Wayne Cancer Foundation was founded in 1985 to honor John Wayne, after his family granted the use of his name for a sustained war against cancer. The mission of the foundation is to "bring courage, strength, and fortitude to the fight against cancer". The Foundation provides funding for innovative programs that improve the care of cancer patients, including research, education, awareness, and support.
Disputes with Duke University
Newport Beach, John Wayne Enterprises based in California sells products such as Kentucky bourbon directly using Wayne images. When the company tried a trademark image that appeared in one of the bottles, Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, filed a notice of disagreement. According to court documents, Duke has tried three times since 2005 to stop companies from the name's trademark. The company wants a federal judge in Orange County, California, to certify that both brands can be authorized. The company complaints filed in federal court say the university "does not have the word 'Duke' in all contexts for all purposes." The official position of the university does not mind if Wayne's image is used, but if the company wants to use the name Duke without Wayne, the university says, "we are also committed to protecting the integrity of Duke University's trademark." Richard Howell, a lawyer for John Wayne Enterprises, said the company supports the co-use agreement, although he believes the name "Duke" will be more likely to be associated with Wayne than with the university.
On September 30, 2014, federal judge David Carter dismissed the lawsuit against Duke University, saying that the jurisdiction was wrong.
Movieography
Between 1926 and 1976, Wayne appeared in more than 170 films, and became one of the biggest box office stars in America. Only Clark Gable sells more tickets than Wayne, even though the ticket price is not worth it because, although both players started their careers at the same time, Gable's career height preceded Wayne about fifteen years.
Missed role
- In 1947, Wayne was offered the role of Jimmy Ringo on The Gunfighter , a script Columbia Pictures has purchased specifically for him. Wayne rejected him, despite having expressed a strong desire to play that role, because of his longstanding feud with Columbia president Harry Cohn. Columbia sells his rights to Twentieth Century Fox, and his role belongs to Gregory Peck. The last film Wayne, The Shootist (1976), is often compared to The Gunfighter and contains many similarities to the plot.
- Wayne rejected the lead role in the 1952 High Noon movie because he feels the movie's story is allegory against blacklisting, which he actively supports. In a 1971 interview, Wayne said that he considered High Noon the "least-American thing I've seen in my whole life", and that he would "never regret having helped run screenwriter Carl Foreman , [then blacklist] abroad ".
- An urban legend says that in 1955, Wayne rejected the role of Matt Dillon in the old television series Gunsmoke and recommended James Arness instead. Although he did suggest Arness for the section, and introduced it in the prologue to the first episode, no movie star from Wayne's stature would consider the role of television at the time.
- South Terry's biographer Lee Hill writes that Major T. J. "King" Kong's role at Dr. Strangelove (1964) was originally written with Wayne in mind, and that Stanley Kubrick offered him that part after Peter Sellers injured his ankle during filming; he immediately rejected it.
- In 1966, Wayne received the role of Major Reisman at The Dirty Dozen (1967), and asked Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for some script changes, but eventually withdrew from the project to create > Green Beret . He was replaced by Lee Marvin.
- Although Wayne actively campaigned for the title role in Dirty Harry (1971), Warner Bros. decided that at age 63 he was too old, and threw 41-year-old Clint Eastwood. Mel Brooks offers Wayne the role of Waco Kid (eventually played by Gene Wilder) at Blazing Saddles (1974). After reading the script that Wayne rejected, fearing the dialogue was "too dirty" for his family's image, but told Brooks that he would "be in the first row" to watch the movie.
- Wayne rejected the role of the Colonel leading Cavalry troops in Michael Todd's
(1956). - Steven Spielberg hopes Wayne will play the character of General Stilwell in the movie 1941 . John Wayne rejected the role because of his belief that mocking World War II was a bad taste. (1978).
Awards and nominations
Academy Awards
As shown below, Wayne was nominated for three Academy Awards, winning once for Best Actor in Main Role in 1969.
Best Actor
The category nominations for each year in which Wayne is nominated are shown, with the winner of that year highlighted in yellow.
Producer
Golden Globe
The Golden Globe Awards are presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) to recognize outstanding achievements in the entertainment industry, both domestic and foreign, and to focus the broadest public attention on the best in movies and television. In 1953, Wayne was awarded the Henrietta Award (now retired award) for being the World's Favorite Movie: Male.
Cecil B. DeMille's award for lifetime achievement in the film is the annual award given by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association at the Golden Globe Award ceremony in Hollywood. Named in honor of Cecil B. DeMille (1881-1959), one of the most successful filmmakers in the industry; John Wayne won the award in 1966.
In 1970, Wayne won the Golden Globe Award for his performance on True Grit.
Brass Balls Award
In 1973, The Harvard Lampoon, a satirical paper run by Harvard University students, invited Wayne to receive The Brass Balls Award, made in his "honor", after calling him "the greatest scam in history". Harvard Square has been known for its leftist intellectualism and protests throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Wayne accepted the invitation as an opportunity to promote the recently released film McQ , and the Fort Devens Army convoy offered to escort him to the square on armored personnel carriers. The ceremony was held on January 15, 1974, at the Harvard Square Theater and the award was officially awarded in honor of Wayne's extraordinary pomp and punch for punching people. Although the convoy was greeted with protests by members of the American Indian Movement and others, some of whom threw snowballs, Wayne received a standing ovation from the audience as he walked onto the stage. Internal investigations were launched into the Army's engagement on that day.
In popular culture
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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