iOS (formerly iPhone OS ) is a mobile operating system developed and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for the hardware. This is an operating system that currently drives many corporate mobile devices, including iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. This is the second most popular mobile operating system globally after Android.
Originally launched in 2007 for iPhone, iOS has been extended to support other Apple devices such as iPod Touch (September 2007) and iPad (January 2010). Starting January 2017, Apple's App Store contains more than 2.2 million iOS apps, 1 million of which are original for the iPad. This mobile app has been collectively downloaded over 130 billion times.
The iOS user interface is based on direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures. The interface control element consists of sliders, switches, and buttons. Interactions with the OS include gestures like swipe , tap , pinch , and inverted block , all of which have specific definitions in context of iOS operating system and multi-touch interface. The internal accelerometer is used by multiple apps to respond to device shake (one of the common results is an undo command) or rotate in three dimensions (one of the common results is the switch between portrait and landscape modes). Apple has been praised significantly for incorporating the overall accessibility functionality into iOS, enabling users with visual and auditory impairments to use their products properly.
The main iOS version is released every year. The current version, iOS 11, was released on September 19, 2017. It is available for all iOS devices with 64-bit processors; iPhone 5S and later iPhone models, iPad (2017), iPad Air and iPad Air models, all the iPad Pro models, the iPad Mini 2 and the newer iPad Mini models, and the sixth-generation iPod Touch.
Video IOS
Histori
In 2005, when Steve Jobs began plotting the iPhone, he had the option of "shrink the Mac, which would be an epic engineering feat, or magnify the iPod". Jobs liked the previous approach but pitted the Macintosh team and iPod, led by Scott Forstall and Tony Fadell, respectively, against each other in internal competition, with Forstall winning by creating iPhone OS. This decision allows iPhone success as a platform for third-party developers: using a well-known desktop operating system as its base allows many third-party Mac developers to write software for iPhone with minimal retraining. Forstall is also responsible for creating software development kits for programmers to build iPhone apps, as well as the App Store in iTunes.
Operating system introduced with iPhone at Macworld Conference & amp; Expo on January 9, 2007, and was released in June of that year. At the time of its launch in January, Steve Jobs claimed: "iPhone runs OS X" and runs a "desktop app", but at the time of iPhone release, the operating system changed its name to "iPhone OS". Initially, native third-party applications are not supported. Reason Jobs is a developer can build web applications via Safari web browser that "will behave like a native app on iPhone". In October 2007, Apple announced that the original Software Development Kit (SDK) is under development and they plan to put it "in the hands of developers in February". On March 6, 2008, Apple held a press event, announcing the iPhone SDK.
IOS App Store opened on July 10, 2008 with 500 initial applications available. It quickly grew to 3,000 in September 2008, 15,000 in January 2009, 50,000 in June 2009, 100,000 in November 2009, 250,000 in August 2010, 650,000 in July 2012, 1 million in October 2013, 2 million in June 2016, and 2.2 million in January 2017. In March 2016, 1 million apps were natively compatible with iPad tablet computers. This app has been collectively downloaded over 130 billion times. App Sensor Tower's intelligence company estimates that the App Store will reach 5 million applications by 2020.
In September 2007, Apple announced the iPod Touch, a redesigned iPod based on the iPhone form factor. In January 2010, Apple announced the iPad, featuring a larger screen of iPhone and iPod Touch, and is designed for web browsing, media consumption, and reading.
In June 2010, Apple renamed iPhone OS as "iOS". The trademark "IOS" has been used by Cisco for over a decade for its IOS operating system, which is used on the router. To avoid possible litigation, Apple grants the "IOS" trademark license from Cisco.
In October 2016, Apple opened its first iOS Development Academy in Naples on the new campus of the University of Naples Federico II.
Software update
Apple provides major updates to the iOS operating system every year through iTunes and also, for iOS 5 and later, over-the-air. The latest version is iOS 11, released on September 19, 2017. It is available for iPhone 5S and later, iPad Air and later, iPad Pro, iPad Mini 2 and later, and the sixth-generation iPod Touch.
Originally, iPod Touch users had to pay for system software updates. This is due to accounting rules that make the device not a "subscription device" like the iPhone or Apple TV, and significant improvements to the device that payments are required. The requirement to pay to upgrade causes the owner of the iPod Touch to stay away from updates. However, in September 2009, changes in accounting rules won a temporary approval, significantly affecting Apple's revenue and share price, and allowing iPod Touch updates to be delivered for free.
Maps IOS
Features
Home Screen
The home screen, provided by SpringBoard, displays application icons and a dock at the bottom where users can embed the most used apps. The home screen appears whenever a user unlocks the device or presses the physical "Home" button while in another app. Before iOS 4 on iPhone 3GS (or later), the screen background can only be customized via jailbreaking, but can now be changed out of the box. The screen has a status bar at the top to display data, such as time, battery level, and signal strength. Screen remaining is specific to the current app. When the passcode is set and the user switches on the device, the passcode must be entered on the Lock Screen before access to the Home screen is provided.
In iPhone OS 3, Spotlight is introduced, allowing users to search for media, apps, emails, contacts, messages, reminders, calendar events, and similar content. On iOS 7 and later, Spotlight is accessed by pulling down anywhere on the home screen (except for the top and bottom edges that open the Notification Center and Control Center). In iOS 9, there are two ways to access Spotlight. Like iOS 7 and 8, knocking out any homescreen will show Spotlight. However, it is also accessible as in iOS 3-6. It provides Spotlight which is endowed with Siri suggestions, which include app suggestions, contact suggestions, and news. On iOS 10, Highlights are at the top of the dedicated "Today" panel now.
Since iOS 3.2, users can set the background image for the Home screen. This feature is only available on third-generation devices - iPhone 3GS, third-generation iPod touch (iOS 4.0 or later), all iPad models (since iOS 3.2) - or later.
Researchers found that users set icons on their homescreens based on the frequency of use and app linkage, as well as for usability and aesthetic reasons.
System font
iOS originally used Helvetica as a system font. Apple switched to Helvetica Neue exclusively for iPhone 4 and Retina Display, and maintained Helvetica as the system font for older iPhone devices on iOS 4. With iOS 7, Apple announced that it would change system fonts into Helvetica Neue Light, a triggering decision criticism due to improper use of thin and thin fonts for low resolution mobile screens. Apple finally chose Helvetica Neue instead. The launch of iOS 7 also introduces the ability to scale text or apply other forms of change in text accessibility via Settings. With iOS 9, Apple changed the font to San Francisco, an Apple-designed font aimed at maximum legibility and font consistency across its product line.
Folder
iOS 4 introduces folders, which can be created by dragging an application over another, and since then, more items can be added to the folder using the same procedure. Titles for folders are automatically selected by the app category in them, but their names can also be edited by the user. When an app in a folder receives a notification badge, each notification number is added and the total number is displayed as a notification badge in the folder itself. Initially, folders on the iPhone can include up to 12 apps, while folders on iPad could include 20. With the increased screen size on newer iPhone hardware, iOS 7 updates folders with pages similar to the home screen layout, allowing for significant expansions from folder functionality. Each page of a folder can load up to nine applications, and there can be 15 pages in total, allowing a total of 135 apps in a single folder. On iOS 9, Apple updated the folder size for iPad hardware, allowing for 16 apps per page, still a maximum of 15 pages, raising a total of up to 240 apps.
Notifications Center
Prior to iOS 5, notifications are sent in the modal window and can not be viewed once they are closed. On iOS 5, Apple introduced the Notification Center, which allows users to view the history of notifications. Users can tap a notification to open the appropriate app, or delete it. Notifications are now sent in banners that appear briefly at the top of the screen. If a user taps a notification received, an application sending a notification will open. Users can also choose to view notifications in the modal alerts window by adjusting the app notification settings. Introduced with iOS 8, the widget is now accessible through the Notification Center, which is determined by a third party.
When an app sends a notification when it's closed, a red badge appears on its icon. This badge tells users, at a glance, how many notifications the app sends. Opening the app will remove the badge.
Accessibility
iOS offers a variety of accessibility features to help users with impaired vision and hearing. One of the main features, VoiceOver, provides sound reading information on the screen, including contextual buttons, icons, links and other user interface elements, and allows users to navigate the operating system through gestures. Each app with default control and developed with UIKit framework gets the built-in VoiceOver functionality. One example includes holding the iPhone to take photos, with VoiceOver describing the scene of the photo. As part of the "Made for iPhone" program, introduced with the iOS 7 release in 2013, Apple has developed a technology to use Bluetooth and special technology protocols to enable compatible third-party equipment connected with iPhone and iPad to stream audio directly to the user's ear. Additional customizations available for Made for iPhone products include battery tracking and adjustable sound settings for different environments. Apple is making further efforts for accessibility to release iOS 10 by 2016, adding a new pronunciation editor for VoiceOver, adding Magnifier settings to zoom objects through device cameras, TTY software support for the deaf to make phone calls from iPhone, and provide tutorials and guide for third-party developers to incorporate proper accessibility functionality into their applications.
In 2012, Liat Kornowski of The Atlantic wrote that "iPhone has been one of the most revolutionary developments since Braille invention", and by 2016, Steven Aquino of TechCrunch describes Apple as "a leader in aid technology", with Sarah Herrlinger, Senior Manager for Global Accessibility Policy and Initiative at Apple, stated that "We view accessibility as a human right Build the core of our product support an inclusive world vision where opportunities and access to information free of barriers, empowering individuals with disabilities to achieve their goals ".
Multitasking
Multitasking for iOS was first released in June 2010 simultaneously with the release of iOS 4. Only certain devices - iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and 3rd generation iPod Touch - can perform multiple tasks. The iPad did not get multitasking up to iOS 4.2.1 in November. Currently, multitasking is supported on iPhone 3GS, 3rd generation iPod Touch, and all models of iPad.
The implementation of multitasking on iOS has been criticized for its approach, which limits the work that applications can do in the background to limited functionality and requires application developers to add explicit support for it.
Prior to iOS 4, multitasking was limited to Apple's app options included on the device. However, users can "hack" their devices to unlawfully multitask. Beginning with iOS 4, on third-generation and newer iOS devices, multitasking is supported through seven background APIs:
- Background audio - the app goes on in the background provided it plays audio or video content
- Voice over IP - application suspended when phone call is not in process
- Background location - apps notified of location changes
- Push notifications
- Local notifications - app scheduling local notifications to be delivered at predefined time
- Task completion - the app asks the system for extra time to complete the assigned task
- Quick app switching - the app does not execute any code and can be deleted from memory any time
In iOS 5, three new background APIs are introduced:
- Newsstand - the app can download content in the background to be ready for users
- External Accessory - the app communicates with external accessories and shares data periodically
- Bluetooth accessory - the app communicates with bluetooth accessories and shares data periodically
On iOS 7, Apple introduced a new multitasking feature, providing all apps with the ability to make background updates. This feature prefers to update the applications most users use and prefer to use WiFi networks over the mobile network, without compromising the battery life of the device.
Switch apps
In iOS 4.0 to iOS 6.x, double-click the home button to enable the app switcher. A scrollable-like interface dock appears from below, moving the screen content up. Selecting the icon will switch to the app. To the far left is an icon that serves as a music control, rotation lock, and on iOS 4.2 and above, volume controller.
With the introduction of iOS 7, double-clicking the home button also enables the app switcher. However, unlike previous versions, this app shows an open app screenshot above the icon and horizontal scrolling allows to browse through previous apps, and it's possible to close apps by dragging them up, similar to how WebOS handles multiple cards.
With the introduction of iOS 9, the app switcher received significant visual changes; while still maintaining the card metaphor introduced in iOS 7, the app icon is smaller, and appears over the screenshot (which is now larger, due to deletion of "Recent and Favorite Contacts"), and any other "overlapping" card apps, the rolodex effect as the user scrolls. Now, instead of the home screen that appears at the far left of the app switcher, it seems to be the far right. On iOS 11, the app switcher receives a big redesign. On iPad, Control Center and app switcher are merged. The app switcher on iPad is also accessible by swiping up from the bottom. On iPhone, app switcher can not be accessed if there is no application in RAM.
End task
In iOS 4.0 to iOS 6.x, short-ending icons in the app switch make it "rock" (similar to the home screen) and allow users to force close the app by tapping the red minus circle that appears in the corner of the app icon. Removing apps from multitasking remains the same from iOS 4.0 to 6.1.6, the latest version of iOS 6.
On iOS 7, the process becomes faster and easier. On iOS 7, instead of holding the icon to close it, they are closed by simply swiping up from the screen. Up to three apps can be deleted at one time compared to one in versions up to iOS 6.1.6.
Workaround
Task completion enables the app to continue certain tasks after the app is suspended. On iOS 4.0, the app can request up to ten minutes to complete a task in the background. However, this does not extend to backgrounds and downloads (e.g. If you start a download in one app, it will not be completed if you switch from app).
Siri
Siri ( ) is a smart personal assistant integrated into iOS. Assistant uses voice queries and a natural language user interface to answer questions, make recommendations, and perform actions by delegating requests to a series of Internet services. This software adjusts the use of language, search, and individual user preferences, with ongoing use. The returned results are individual.
Originally released as an app for iOS in February 2010, it was acquired by Apple two months later, and then integrated into iPhone 4S in its release in October 2011. At that time, separate apps were also removed from the iOS App Store.
Siri supports user commands, including phone actions, checking basic information, scheduling events and reminders, handling device settings, searching the Internet, exploring areas, finding information about entertainment, and being able to engage with iOS-integrated apps. With the release of iOS 10 in 2016, Apple unlocks unlimited third party access to Siri, including third party messaging apps, as well as payments, travel sharing, and Internet call apps. With the release of iOS 11, Apple updated Siri sounds for a clearer human voice, now supporting follow-up questions and language translation, and additional third-party actions.
Game Center
Game Center is an online multiplayer game "social network" released by Apple. This allows users to "invite friends to play games, start multiplayer games through matchmaking, track their achievements, and compare their high scores on leaderboards." iOS 5 and above add support for profile photos.
Game Center was announced during the iOS 4 preview event hosted by Apple on April 8, 2010. Preview released to Apple registered developers in August. The album was released on September 8, 2010 with iOS 4.1 on iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 2nd generation through 4th generation. Game Center made its public debut on iPad with iOS 4.2.1. No support for iPhone 3G, native iPhone and first generation iPod Touch (the last two devices do not have Game Center because they do not get iOS 4). However, Game Center is not officially available on iPhone 3G through hacking.
Hardware
The main hardware platform for iOS is the ARM architecture. IOS Releases before iOS 7 can only run on iOS devices with 32-bit ARM processors (ARMv6 and ARMv7-A architecture). In 2013, iOS 7 was released with full 64-bit support (which includes the original 64-bit kernels, libraries, drivers and all built-in applications), after Apple announced that they switched to 64-bit ARMv8-A processor with the introduction of Apple A7. 64-bit support is also applied to all apps in the App Store; All new apps are delivered to the App Store by the February 2015 deadline, and all app updates are submitted to the App Store within the June 1, 2015 deadline. IOS 11 drops support for all iOS devices with 32-bit ARM processors and 32-bit Apps, creating iOS 64-bit only.
Development
The iOS SDK (Software Development Kit) allows mobile app development on iOS.
When initially developing an iPhone before it was launched in 2007, Apple CEO Steve Jobs did not intend to let third-party developers build native apps for iOS, instead directing them to create web apps for the Safari web browser. However, a reaction from developers prompted the company to reconsider, with Jobs announcing in October 2007 that Apple would have software development tools available to developers in February 2008. The SDK was released on March 6, 2008.
SDK is a free download for Mac personal computer users. This is not available for Microsoft Windows PCs. The SDK contains sets that give developers access to various functions and services of iOS devices, such as hardware and software attributes. It also contains an iPhone simulator to mimic the look and feel of the device on the computer while developing. New version of SDK accompanies the new iOS version. To test apps, get technical support, and distribute apps through the App Store, developers must subscribe to the Apple Developer Program.
Combined with Xcode, the iOS SDK helps developers write iOS apps using officially supported programming languages, including Swift and Objective-C. Other companies have also created tools that allow the development of native iOS apps using their own programming languages.
iOS is the second most popular mobile operating system in the world, after Android. Sales of iPads in recent years are also behind Android, while, with the use of the web (a proxy for all uses), iPad (using iOS) is still the most popular.
By mid-2012, there are 410 million devices enabled. At WWDC 2014, Tim Cook says 800 million devices have been sold in June 2014.
During Apple's quarterly earnings call in January 2015, the company announced that it has sold more than one billion iOS devices since 2007.
By the end of 2011, iOS accounted for 60% of market share for smartphones and tablets. By the end of 2014, iOS accounted for 14.8% of the smartphone market and 27.6% of tablets and two-in-one markets. In February 2015, StatCounter reports iOS is used at 23.18% of smartphones and 66.25% of tablets worldwide, measured by internet usage, not sales.
In the third quarter of 2015, research from Strategy Analytics showed that IOS adoption of the smartphone market worldwide was at a record low of 12.1%, attributed to a lackluster performance in China and Africa. Android accounts for 87.5% of the market, with Windows Phone and BlackBerry accounting for the rest.
Jailbreaking
Since its initial release, iOS has undergone a variety of different hacking centers around the addition of functions not authorized by Apple. Prior to Apple's original iOS App Store debut in 2008, the primary motive for jailbreaking was to bypass Apple's purchase mechanism to install native App Store apps. Apple claims that it will not release an iOS software update designed specifically to break this device (other than apps that unlock the SIM); however, with every subsequent iOS update, jailbreak exploits that were not previously in the patch are usually patched.
Since the arrival of the original Apple App Store iOS, and - along with it - third-party applications, the general motive for jailbreaking has changed. People jailbreak for various reasons, including access to filesystems, install custom device themes, and modify SpringBoard. Additional motivation is to allow installations of pirated apps. On some devices, jailbreaking also makes it possible to install alternative operating systems, such as Android and the Linux kernel. Primarily, users jailbreak their devices due to IOS limitations. Depending on the method used, the jailbreaking effect can be permanent or temporary.
In 2010, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) succeeded in convincing the US Office of Human Rights to allow an exception to the general prohibition on circumventing the copyright protection system under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). Exceptions allow jailbreaking iPhone for the sole purpose of allowing legally-obtained apps to be added to the iPhone. Exceptions do not affect the contractual relationship between Apple and iPhone owners, for example, jailbreaking that voids the iPhone's warranty; however, this is solely based on Apple's discretion as to whether they will fix the device that is jailed if they need to be repaired. At the same time, the Copyright Office excludes opening the iPhone from anti-DMC ban. Unlocking the iPhone allows the iPhone to be used with wireless carriers using the same GSM or CDMA technology that is designed to be operated by a particular phone model.
Unlock
Initially most wireless carriers in the US do not allow iPhone owners to unlock for use with other operators. However AT & T allows iPhone owners who have satisfied contract terms to unlock their iPhone. Instructions for unlocking devices are available from Apple, but ultimately it is the operator's policy to authorize devices to remain unlocked. This allows the use of the iPhone from operators on other networks. The modern iOS and iPhone versions fully support LTE on many carriers despite where the phone is purchased. There is a program to remove SIM lock constraints, but is not supported by Apple and often is not a permanent key - unlock soft keys.
Digital rights management
IOS's closed and exclusive nature has attracted criticism, especially by digital rights advocates like the Electronic Frontier Foundation, computer engineers and Brewster Kahle activists, Internet-legal specialist Jonathan Zittrain, and the Free Software Foundation protesting iPad's introductory program and having targeted the iPad with the " Disability by Design "them. Microsoft's competitors, through a PR spokesman, criticized Apple's control over its platform.
What matters is the limitation imposed by iOS design, digital rights management (DRM) intended to lock media purchased to the Apple platform, development model (requires annual subscriptions to distribute apps developed for iOS), centralized approval process for apps, as well as Apple's general control and locking the platform itself. Particularly the problem is Apple's ability to disable or remove applications remotely at will.
Some in the technology community have expressed concern that locked IOS is a growing trend in Apple's approach to computing, especially Apple's shift from machines that can "play around" with fans and pay attention to potential restrictions to hinder software innovation. Former Facebook developer Joe Hewitt protested Apple's control over its hardware as a "terrible precedent" but praised the iOS sandboxing app.
Kernel
The iOS kernel is the XNU kernel from Darwin. Original iPhone OS (1.0) up to iPhone OS 3.1.3 using Darwin 9.0.0d1. iOS 4 is based on Darwin 10. iOS 5 is based on Darwin 11. iOS 6 is based on Darwin 13. iOS 7 and iOS 8 are based on Darwin 14. iOS 9 is based on Darwin 15. iOS 10 is based on Darwin 16 iOS 11 is based on Darwin 17.
Security
iOS uses a lot of security features in both hardware and software. Below is a summary of the most prominent features.
Safe Boot
Before fully booting into iOS, there's a low level code running from Boot ROM. Its job is to verify that the Low Level Bootloader is signed by the Apple Root CA root key before running it. This process ensures that no malicious or unauthorized software can run on iOS devices. After the Low Level Bootloader completes its task, it runs a higher level bootloader, known as iBoot. If all goes well, iBoot will continue to load the iOS kernel as well as the rest of the operating system.
Secure Enclave
Safe Enclave is a coprocessor found on iOS devices that contains Touch ID or Face ID. It has a secure boot process to ensure that it is completely secure. A hardware random number generator is also included as part of this coprocessor. Secure Enclave each device has a unique ID assigned to it when it is created and can not be changed. This identifier is used to create a temporary key that encrypts memory in this part of the system. The Safe Enclave also contains an anti-replay counter to prevent brute force attacks.
Password Code
The iOS device can have a passcode used to unlock the device, make changes to system settings, and encrypt device contents. To date, these are usually four-digit long numbers. However, because unlocking the device with fingerprints using Touch ID has become more widespread, a six-digit passcode is now the default on iOS with the option to switch back to four or use an alphanumeric passcode.
Touch ID
Touch ID is a fingerprint scanner embedded in the home button and can be used to unlock the device, make purchases, and sign in to apps among other functions. When used, the Touch ID only temporarily stores the fingerprint data in encrypted memory in the Safe Enclave, as described above. There is no way for the main processor of the device or any other part of the system to access the raw fingerprint data obtained from the Touch ID sensor.
Address Space Layout Randomization
Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) is a low-level technique to prevent memory corruption attacks such as buffer overflows. This involves placing data in randomly selected locations in memory to make it more difficult to predict ways of damaging the system and creating exploits. ASLRs make application bugs more likely to crash an app rather than secretly overwrite memory, regardless of whether the behavior was unintentional or malicious.
Memory Not Executable
iOS uses the Execute Never (XN) feature of the ARM architecture. This allows some parts of memory to be marked as non-executable, working with ASLR to prevent buffer overflow attacks including back-to-libc attacks.
Encryption
As mentioned above, one use of encryption in iOS is in the Safe Enclave memory. When a passcode is used on an iOS device, the device content is encrypted. This is done using the highly efficient AES 256 hardware implementation because it is placed directly between flash storage and RAM.
Keychain
The iOS keychain is a database of login information that can be shared across applications written by the same person or organization. This service is often used to store passwords for web applications.
Application Security
Third party applications such as those distributed through the App Store must be a code signed with a certificate issued by Apple. This continues the chain of trust along the path of the Safe Boot process as mentioned above to the action of the application installed on the device by the user. Applications are also in-sandbox, meaning that they can only modify the data in their respective home directories unless expressly granted permission to do otherwise. For example, they can not access data owned by another user-installed app on the device. There is a very wide set of privacy controls within iOS with the option to control the app's ability to access permissions like camera, contacts, background app refresh, mobile data, and access to other data and services. Most of the code on iOS, including third-party apps, is run as a "mobile" user who does not have root privileges. This ensures that the system files and other iOS system resources remain hidden and inaccessible to user-installed applications.
Network Security
iOS supports TLS with low and high level APIs for developers. By default, the Transportation Security Application framework requires that the server use at least TLS 1.2. However, developers are free to replace this framework and use their own methods to communicate over the network. When Wi-Fi is enabled, iOS uses a random MAC address so the device can not be tracked by anyone who sniffs wireless traffic.
Two-Factor Authentication
Two-factor authentication is an option on iOS to ensure that even if unauthorized people know the combination of Apple ID and password, they can not gain access to the account. It works by not only requiring an Apple ID and password, but also a verification code sent to a trusted device. If unauthorized users attempt to sign in using another Apple's user ID, Apple ID owners receive a notification allowing them to deny access to unrecognized devices.
Device
See also
- Mobile operating system comparison
- iOS version history
- List of iOS devices
- iPhone
References
Further reading
External links
- Official website
- Official website Dev Center on Apple Developer Connection
- The iOS References Library - on the Apple Developer Connection website
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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