The electric bicycle , also known as an e-bike bike, powerbike or amplifier , is a bicycle with an integrated electric motor that can be used for propulsion. Many types of e-bikes are available worldwide, ranging from e-bikes that have only small motors to help riders (ie, pedelecs) to more powerful e-bikes that tend to be closer to moped-style functions: all, however, maintaining the ability to be ridden by motorists and therefore not electric motorcycles.
E-bikes using rechargeable and lighter batteries can travel up to 25 to 32 km/h (16 to 20 mph), depending on local laws, while more high-powered varieties can often do more than 45 km/h (28 mph). In some markets, like Germany, they are gaining in popularity and taking some market share from conventional bikes, while in other countries, like China, they replace mopeds with fossil fuels and small motorcycles.
Depending on local laws, many electronic bikes (eg, pedelecs) are legally classified as bicycles rather than motorcycles or mopeds. This relieves them of stricter legislation regarding the certification and operation of more powerful two-wheeled vehicles that are often classed as electric motorcycles. E-bikes can also be defined separately and treated under different electric bike laws.
E-bike is an electric motorcycle-powered bicycle version, which has been in use since the late 19th century. Some bike sharing systems use them.
Video Electric bicycle
History
In the 1890s, electric bikes were documented in various US patents. For example, on December 31, 1895, Ogden Bolton Jr. provided AS. Patent 552.271 for battery-powered bikes with "6-pole-and-direct-current DC-directional hubs (DCs) motor hub mounted on the rear wheels." No gears and motors can pull up to 100 amperes (A) from a 10 volt battery.
Two years later, in 1897, Hosea W. Libbey of Boston invented an electric bicycle ( U.S. Patent 596.272 ) driven by a "double electric motor". This motor is designed inside the crankshaft hub. This model was later re-created and replicated in the late 1990s by the giant Lafree e-bikes.
In 1898 the rear-wheel drive electric bike, which used the belt along the outer edge of the wheel, was patented by Mathew J. Steffens. Also, 1899 AS. Patent 627,066 by John Schnepf describes the style of rear wheel drive friction "roller-wheel" electric bike. Schnepf's invention was then re-examined and expanded in 1969 by G.A. Wood Jr. with its US. Patent 3,431,994 . The wooden device uses 4 fractional horsepower motors; connected through a series of gears.
Torque sensors and power controls were developed in the late 1990s. For example, Takada Yutky of Japan filed a patent in 1997 for such a device. In 1992 Vector Services Limited offered and sold an e-bike named Zike. Bicycles include NiCd batteries that are built into frame members and include a permanent-magnet 850-g motor. Despite Zike, in 1992 almost no commercial e-bikes were available.
Production grew from 1993 to 2004 with an estimated 35%. In contrast, according to Gardner, in 1995 regular bicycle production declined from a peak of 107 million units.
Some cheaper e-bikes use large lead acid batteries, while newer models generally use NiMH, NiCd, and/or Li-ion batteries, which offer lighter and denser batteries. Performance varies; however, there is generally an increase in range and speed with the last battery type.
In 2001 the terms e-bike, power bike, "pedelec", pedal-assisted, and power-assisted bicycle are commonly used to refer to e-bikes. The term "electric motorcycle" or "electronic motorcycle" refers to a stronger model that reaches up to 80 km/h (50 mph).
On parallel hybrid motorcycles, such as those found in 1897 by Hosea W. Libbey, human and motor inputs are mechanically coupled either in the lower bracket, rear wheel, or front wheel, while in hybrid (mechanical) series cycles, human inputs and motors coupled through differential gearing. In the series hybrid cycle (electronic), human power is converted into electricity and fed directly to the motor and most of the additional electricity is supplied from the battery.
In 2007, electronic bikes were estimated to reach 10 to 20 percent of all two-wheeled vehicles on the streets of many major Chinese cities. A typical unit takes 8 hours to charge the battery, which provides a range of 25 to 30 miles (40 to 48 km), at a speed of about 20 km/h.
By 2017, electric bicycle sales in the United States have slowed. This is mainly due to lower gas prices.
Maps Electric bicycle
Class
E-bikes are classified according to the strengths that their electric motors can provide and the control system, that is, when and how the power of the motor is applied. Also the e-bike classification is complicated because many of these definitions are due to legal reasons of what constitutes a bicycle and what is a motorcycle or moped. Thus, the classification of e-bikes varies greatly in different countries and local jurisdictions.
Despite these legal complications, the classification of e-bikes is mainly determined by whether e-bike motors help motorists use a pedal-assist system or by a power-on-demand one. This definition is as follows:
- With pedal-assist the electric motor is set by pedaling. Pedal-helps increase the riders' effort as they pedal. These e-bikes - called pedelecs - have sensors to detect pedaling speed, paddling power, or both. The activation of the brake is felt to disable the motor as well.
- With power-on-demand the motor is powered by throttle, usually mounted on the handlebar as on most motors or scooters.
Therefore, very broad, e-bikes can be classified as:
- E-bike only with pedal-assist : either pedelec (legally classified as bike) or S-Pedelecs often legally classed as mopeds)
- Pedelecs : only pedal-assist, the motor only helps up to decent but not excessive speeds (typically 25 km/h), motor power up to 250 watts, often legally classified as bicycle
- S-Pedelecs : only pedal-assist, motor power can be more than 250 watts, can reach higher speeds (eg, 45 km/h) before the motor stops helping, legally classified as a motorcycle or moped ( instead of bikes)
- E-bikes with power-on-demand and pedal-assist
- E-bikes with power-on-demand only : often have stronger motors than pedelec but not always, stronger than this are legally classified as mopeds or motorcycles
Pedal-assist only
E-bikes with pedal-assist are only usually called pedelecs but can be broadly classified into precise pedelecs and more powerful S-Pedelecs.
Pedelecs
The term "pedelec" (from ped al ctric c ycle) refers to the e-bike where pedal-assist > the electric drive system is limited to a decent, but not excessively maximum, speed and where the motor is relatively low-powered. Pedelec is legally classed as a bicycle rather than a low-powered motorcycle or moped.
The most influential definition that differentiates where e-bikes are pedelec and which are not, comes from the EU. From the EU (EN15194) standard for motor vehicles, bicycles are considered pedelecs if:
- pedal assistance , ie motor assistance only involved when rider pedals, cuts after 25 km/h is reached, and
- when the motor produces maximum continuous rated power of no more than 250 watts (motor nb can generate more power for a short time, such as when a rider is struggling to climb a steep hill).
E-bikes according to this condition are considered pedelecs in the EU and are legally classified as bikes. The EN15194 standard applies throughout the European Union and has also been adopted by several non-EU European countries as well as some jurisdictions outside Europe (such as the state of Victoria in Australia).
Pedelec is very similar to the conventional bikes used and functioning - electric motors only provide assistance, especially when the rider will fight against a headwind or uphill. Pedelecs are therefore very useful for people living in hilly areas where riding a bicycle would be too much for many people to consider cycling as a daily means of transportation. They are also useful when it will be helpful for riders who need more help, eg. for the elderly.
S-Pedelecs
A stronger pedelec that is not legally classified because the bike is dubbed S-Pedelecs (short for Schnell-Pedelecs , ie Speedy-Pedelecs) in Germany. It has a motor that is stronger than 250 watts and is less limited, or unlimited, pedal-assist, ie the motor does not stop assisting the rider after 25 km/h has been reached. S-Pedelec class e-bikes are therefore usually classified as mopeds or motorcycles rather than bicycles and can therefore (depending on jurisdiction) be registered and insured, motorists may require some sort of driver's license (either car or motorcycle) and motorcycle helmets may have to used. In the United States, many countries have adopted S-Pedelecs into the Class 3 category. Class 3 ebike is limited to & lt; = 750 watts of power and 28 mph.
Power-on-demand and pedal-assist
Some e-bikes combine both pedal and throttle push sensors. Examples are eZee Torq and Adventure 24 by BMEBIKES. The motor of this type of e-bike is activated by pushing the throttle or by pedaling.
Power requests only
Some e-bikes have electric motors operating on a power-on-demand basis. In this case, the electric motor is engaged and operated manually using the throttle, which is usually on the handle as it is on a motorcycle or scooter. This type of e-bike often, but not always, has a stronger motor than pedelec does.
With power-on-demand only e-bikers riders can:
- is powered by its own pedal, which is fully human-powered.
- ride its own electric motor by operating the throttle manually.
- cycling uses both simultaneously at the same time.
Some e-bikes that rely on power-on-demand can hardly be confused with, let alone categorized as, bicycles. For example, Noped is a term used by the Ontario Ministry of Transport for e-bikes that have no pedals or where the pedals have been removed from their bikes. This is better categorized as an electric moped or electric motorcycle.
Legal status
(*) Allowed on bike lane when power system is turned off (**) E-bike illegal in this region (***) Some areas have special regulations, see the appropriate entry under electric bicycle legislation.
Popularity
The use of e-bikes around the world has experienced rapid growth since 1998. By 2016 there are 210 million electric bikes worldwide used every day. There are an estimated 120 million e-bikes in China in early 2010, and sales are rapidly expanding in India, the United States, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland. A total of 700,000 e-bikes were sold in Europe in 2010, up from 200,000 in 2007 and 500,000 units in 2009.
Today, China is the world's leading manufacturer of e-bikes. According to data from the China Bicycle Association, a government-led industrial group, in 2004, Chinese manufacturers sold 7.5 million e-bikes across the country, nearly double that of 2003; domestic sales reached 10 million in 2005, and 16 to 18 million in 2006.
The Los Angeles Times reported that e-bike sales in the US had slowed in 2010 compared to 2009. This could be due to a slowing economy. "
Technical
Motor and drivetrains
Two types of motor hubs most commonly used in electric bicycles are brushed and brushless. Many configurations are available, varying in cost and complexity; direct drive motor units and driven gears are both used. Electrical assistance systems can be added to almost all pedal cycles using chain drive, belt drive, hub motor or friction drive. BLDC motor hub is a common modern design. The motor is built into the wheel hub itself, and the stator remains firmly to the shaft, and the magnet attaches and spins with the wheel. The bike wheel hub is the motor. The power level of the motor used is affected by the category of law available and often, but not always limited to below 750 watts.
Another type of electric assisted motor, often referred to as a mid-drive system, is increasingly popular. With this system, the electric motor is not built into the wheels but is usually mounted near (often below) the bottom bracket shell. In a more general configuration, the wheels or wheels on the motor drive a belt or chain connected to a pulley or sprocket mounted on one of the bicycle's crankset arms. So the propulsion is provided on the pedal rather than on the wheel, which is finally applied to the wheels via the standard bike drive cart.
Because power is applied through chains and sprockets, power is usually limited to about 250-500 watts to protect fast wear on the drivetrain. An electric mid-drive combined with an internal gear hub in the rear hub may require maintenance due to the lack of coupling mechanisms to soften the shock on the gears during re-engagement. Continuous variable transmission or fully automatic gear hubs can reduce shocks due to the viscosity of the oil used for the liquid coupling instead of the mechanical coupling of the conventional internal gear hub.
Battery
E-bikes use rechargeable batteries, electric motors and some form of control. The battery system used includes sealed lead-acid (SLA), nickel-cadmium (NiCad), nickel metal hydride (NiMH) or lithium-ion polymer (Li-ion). The battery varies according to the voltage, total charge capacity (clock amp), weight, number of charge cycles before the performance drop, and the ability to handle excessive charge conditions. The energy costs of a small e-bike operation, but there can be a lot of battery replacement costs. Battery pack life varies depending on the type of usage. A shallow debit/refill cycle will help extend the overall battery life.
Distance is a major consideration with e-bikes, and is influenced by factors such as motor efficiency, battery capacity, electronic driving efficiency, aerodynamics, hill and heavy bikes and riders. Some manufacturers, such as Canadian BionX or American Vintage Electric Bikes, have the option of using regenerative braking, the motor acting as a generator to slow the bike down before the brake pads work. This is useful for extending the range and life of brake pads and wheel rims. There are also experiments that use fuel cells. such as PHB. Some experiments have also been performed with super capacitors to supplement or replace batteries for cars and some SUVs. E-bikes developed in Switzerland in the late 1980s for the Sol de Tour de Sol motor race came with a solar charging station but this was later repaired on the roof and connected so fed into the main electricity. The bikes are then charged from power as usual today. While ebike batteries are manufactured primarily by large companies in the past, many small and medium sized companies have begun to use innovative new methods to create more durable batteries. Sophisticated machines, custom CNC precision CNC lathe are created automatically creating 18650 battery packs commonly used among Do-it-yourself ebony makers.
Controller
There are two different types of controllers designed to match brushed motors or brushless motors. Brushless motors are becoming more common as control costs continue to decline. (See page on DC motor that includes the difference between these two types.)
Controllers for brushless motors: E-bikes require high initial torque and therefore models using brushless motors usually have a turnover of Hall sensors for speed and angle measurements. Electronic controllers provide help as a function of sensor input, vehicle speed and power required. Controls generally allow input through a potentiometer or Hall Effect touch grip (or throttle-operated throttle lever), closed-loop speed control for precise speed setting, protection logic for over-voltage, over-current and thermal protection. Bicycles with pedal assist function usually have a disc on a crankshaft featuring a magnetic ring coupled with a Hall sensor that produces a series of pulses, a frequency equivalent to paddling speed. The controller uses pulse width modulation to regulate power to the motor. Sometimes support is provided for regenerative braking but rare braking and low bicycle masses restrict the recovered energy. Implementation is described in the application notes for 200 W, 24 V Brushless DC (BLDC) motors.
Controllers for brushed motors : Brushed motors are also used in e-bikes but are becoming less common due to their low intrinsic efficiency. Controllers for brushed motors are somehow much simpler and cheaper due to the fact that they do not require hall sensor feedback and are usually designed to be open-loop controllers. Some controllers can handle multiple voltages.
Design variation
Not all e-bikes use conventional motorcycle shapes with incorporated motors, such as a Cytronex bike that uses a small battery disguised as a water bottle. Some are designed to take on the appearance of low-capacity motorcycles, but are smaller in size and consist of an electric motor than a gasoline engine. For example, the Sakura e-bike incorporates the W 200 motor found on standard e-bikes, but also includes plastic cladding, headlamps and rear, and a speedometer. It is styled as a modern moped, and is often misconstrued as one.
Turning a non-electric bike into its electric equivalent can be complicated but many 'wheel change' solutions are now available in the market.
Trailer Electric Trailer is an e-bike design that combines motors and batteries into a trailer that pushes any bike. One such trailer is a two-wheeled Ridekick.
Others, richer designs include the chopper-style e-bike, which is designed more as a 'fun' or 'new' e-bike than as a mobility aid or a purposeful mode of transportation.
Electric cargo bikes allow motorists to carry large and heavy items that would be difficult to transport without electricity that adds human power input.
The various designs (including the ones mentioned above) are designed to fit within the legislation of most areas, and those containing pedals can be used on highways in the UK, among other countries.
Folding e-bikes are also available.
Electric unicycles of self-balancing do not comply with e-bike laws in most countries and therefore can not be used on the road, but can be used on the sidewalk. They are the cheapest electric cycle and used by the last mile commuters, for urban use and combined with public transport, including buses.
Tricycles
Electric bikes are also manufactured in accordance with e-bike laws. It has the benefit of additional low-speed stability and is often favored by people with disabilities. Cargo carrying rickshaws also get receipts, with a small number of couriers but increasingly using them for package delivery in the city center. The latest design of this tricycle resembles a cross between a pedal cycle and a small van.
Health benefits
E-bikes can be a useful part of a cardiac rehabilitation program, as healthcare professionals will often recommend stationary bikes used at this early stage. An exercise-based heart rehabilitation program can reduce mortality in people with coronary heart disease by about 27%; and a patient may feel safer developing from stationary bike to e-bike. They require less heart energy for those with heart problems.
E-bikes can also provide a source of exercise for individuals who have difficulty exercising for long periods of time (due to injury or excessive weight, for example) because the bike can allow the rider to take a break from pedaling and also give credence to the rider that they will be able to complete the path chosen without being too tired. A University of Tennessee study provides evidence that energy expenditure (EE) and oxygen consumption (VO2) for e-bicycles is 24% lower than for conventional bikes, and 64% lower than for running. Furthermore, the study notes that the difference between electronic and bicycle bikes is most prominent in the upward segment. Achieving VO2 Max, can really help your body as a whole. Professor Janet Lord of Birmingham University in the UK published a study that looked at older cyclists, "" This study looked at muscle mass, blood cholesterol, VO2 Max, lung function, and in many actions we found they were not aging! No muscle loss, their bones are slightly thin (but unlike the general population), their blood pressure does not go up. Men also do not experience menopause. ""
Some people have lost a lot of weight by using electric bikes. By making the biking terrain less of a problem, people who would not consider cycling can use the help of electricity when needed and otherwise pedal as they are able. This means people with lower fitness levels or who have never cycled for years can start enjoying the many health benefits offered by E-bikes. [1]
Environmental effects
E-bikes are zero-emission vehicles, as they do not remove the by-products of combustion. However, the environmental impact of electricity generation and distribution of electricity and the production and disposal (from long service life) of batteries with high storage densities shall be taken into account. Even with these issues considered, e-bikes are claimed to have far less environmental impact than conventional cars, and are generally seen as desirable environments in urban environments.
The environmental effects involved in charging the battery can certainly be reduced. The small size of the battery on the e-bike, relative to the larger packages used in electric cars, makes them excellent candidates for charging through solar power or other renewable energy resources. Sanyo capitalized on this advantage when setting up a "solar parking lot", where e-bike riders can charge their vehicles while parked under photovoltaic panels.
Environmental credentials of e-bikes, and electric/hybrid human-powered ones generally, have caused some municipalities to use them, such as Little Rock, Arkansas with their wavecrest bicycle-assisted electric bike or Cloverdale, California police with > Zap e-bikes. Chinese e-bike manufacturers, such as Xinri, are now partnering with universities in an effort to improve their technology in accordance with international environmental standards, backed by the Chinese government that wants to increase the export potential of Chinese-made e-bikes.
Both land management regulators and advocates of mountain bike access have debated the prohibition of electric bikes on open tracks accessible by mountain bikes, citing potential safety hazards as well as potential for electric bikes to damage the lanes. A study conducted by the International Mountain Bicycling Association, however, found that the physical impact of an electric mountain bike assisting a low-pedal may be similar to a traditional mountain bike.
A recent study on the environmental impact of e-bikes vs. other forms of transportation found that e-bikes are:
- 18 times more energy efficient than SUV
- 13 times more energy efficient than sedan
- 6 times more energy efficient than rail transit
- and, about the same impact on the environment as a conventional bicycle.
One of the main concerns is the disposal of lead batteries used, which can cause environmental contamination if not recycled.
There is a strict delivery regulation for lithium-ion batteries, due to security issues. In this case, lithium iron phosphate batteries are safer than lithium cobalt oxide batteries.
Road traffic security
The Chinese experience, as a leading e-bike world market, has raised concerns about road traffic safety and some cities have considered banning them from bike lanes. As the number of electronic bikes increases and a stronger motor is used, capable of up to 30 miles per hour (48 km/h), the number of traffic accidents has increased significantly in China. E-bike riders are more likely than car drivers to be killed or injured in a collision, and because e-bikers use their conventional bike lanes mixed with slow-moving bikes and pedestrians, increasing the risk of traffic collisions.
Experience by country
China
China has experienced explosive growth in sales of non-aid e-bikes including scooter types, with annual sales jumping from 56,000 units in 1998 to more than 21 million in 2008, and achieving an estimated fleet of 120 million e-bikes by early 2010. The explosion triggered by efforts by the local Chinese government to restrict motorcycles in the city center to avoid traffic and accident disruptions. By the end of 2009 motorcycles were banned or restricted in over ninety major cities in China. Users started replacing traditional bicycles and motorcycles and e-bikes became an alternative to departing by car. Nevertheless, the issue of road safety continues as about 2,500 e-bike related deaths were registered in 2007. By the end of 2009, ten cities also banned or imposed restrictions on e-bikes for the same reason as motorcycles. Among these cities are Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Changsha, Foshan, Changzhou, and Dongguang.
China is the world's leading e-bike manufacturer, with 22.2 million units produced in 2009. One of the world's largest E-bike manufacturers is Geoby. Production is concentrated in five areas, Tianjin, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Shanghai. China exported 370,000 e-bikes in 2009.
India
The pedal-assisted first pedal appeared in India in 1993. In 2008, sales of e-bicycle sales exceeded moped sales. In recent years, e-bikes of 2 passengers and even 3 passengers (two adults and children) were introduced in India.
Dutch
The Netherlands has a fleet of 18 million bikes. E-bikes had reached 10% market share in 2009, as four-bike sales increased from 40,000 units to 153,000 between 2006 and 2009, and electric-powered models represented 25% of total bicycle sales revenue that year. As of early 2010 one out of every eight bikes sold in this country is powered by electricity despite the fact that the average e-bike is three times more expensive than regular bikes.
A 2008 market survey showed that the average distance traveled in the Netherlands by commuters on standard bikes was 6.3 kilometers (3.9 miles) while with e-bicycles this distance increased to 9.8 kilometers (6.1 mi). The survey also shows that electronic bike ownership is very popular among people aged 65 years and over, but is limited to passengers. E-bike is used especially for recreational bike travel, shopping, and shopping.
United States
In 2009 the US had an estimated fleet of 200,000 e-bikes. In 2012 they are increasingly preferred in New York as a food delivery vehicle.
In 2012, two e-bike advocates completed the 4,000-mile (6,400 km) first continental e-bike tour from New York to San Francisco to advocate for e-bikes in major cities across Pedego Electric Bikes AS is a sales brand Best in the US Many e-bikes in the United States are standard bikes that are modified using a kit. In general, the kit includes the motor (the majority of which is the motor hub built into the front or rear wheels), speed controller, throttle (usually twist-grip or throttle thumb), necessary cables and connectors, and batteries. Some US companies offer conversion kits that also offer advanced lithium battery packs. Large manufacturers also offer complete e-bikes. The track offers a line of e-bikes using the Bionx system in which the driver programmers the controller to determine how much effort the motor will render in response to the rider's effort, from 25% to 200% of the rider's power. This system ensures minimum rider participation rates and is also used to comply with many European laws that mandate some human endeavor before motorcycle work.
One of the biggest headwinds that electric bikes face in the United States is the lower fuel prices since the end of the 2000s commodity boom.
See also
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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