Napster is the name given to three music-focused online services. It was founded as a pioneer peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing Internet service that emphasizes the sharing of digital audio files, usually audio songs, encoded in MP3 format. The Company is experiencing legal difficulties for copyright infringement. It stopped operating and was eventually acquired by Roxio. In his second incarnation, Napster became an online music store until it was acquired by Rhapsody from Best Buy on December 1, 2011.
Then the company and the project managed to follow the example of its file sharing P2P like Gnutella, Freenet, Kazaa, BearShare, and many others. However, some services, such as LimeWire, Scour, Grokster, Madster, and eDonkey2000, are downgraded or changed due to copyright issues.
Video Napster
Origin
Napster was founded by Shawn Fanning and Sean Parker. Initially, Napster was conceived as an independent peer-to-peer file sharing service by Shawn Fanning. This service operated between June 1999 and July 2001. This technology allows people to easily share their MP3 files with other participants. Although the original service was closed by a court order, the Napster brand persisted after the assets of the company were liquidated and bought by another company through bankruptcy proceedings.
Maps Napster
History
Although there are already networks that facilitate the distribution of files on the Internet, such as IRC, Hotline, and Usenet, Napster is specialized in MP3 music files and an easy-to-use interface. At its peak Napster service has about 80 million registered users. Napster makes it relatively easy for music fans to download hard-to-earn copies of songs, such as old songs, unreleased recordings, and songs from concert recordings.
High-speed networks in college dorms become overloaded, with as much as 61% of external network traffic consisting of MP3 file transfers. Many colleges blocked their use for this reason, even before concerns about the responsibility to facilitate copyright infringement on campus.
Macintosh Version
Software programs and services start only for Windows. However, in 2000, Black Hole Media wrote a Macintosh client called Macster. Macster was later bought by Napster and designated as Mac Napster's official client ("Napster for the Mac"), by which time Macster's name was stopped. Even before the acquisition of Macster, the Macintosh community had a variety of independently developed Napster clients. The most famous is the open source client named MacStar, released by Squirrel Software in early 2000 and Rapster, released by the Overcaster Family in Brazil. The MacStar source code release paves the way for third-party Napster clients across all computing platforms, giving users music distribution options without ads.
Legal challenge
Metallica heavy metal bands discovered a demo of their song "I Disappear" has been circulating across the network before it was released. This caused it to be played on several radio stations across the United States and reminded Metallica of the fact that the entire catalog behind their studio material was also available. On March 13, 2000, they filed a lawsuit against Napster. A month later, rapper and producer Dr Dre, who shared litigators and law firms with Metallica, filed a similar lawsuit after Napster declined his written request to remove his works from his service. Separately, Metallica and Dr. Dre then delivered to Napster thousands of usernames that they believe hijacked their songs. In March 2001, Napster completed both lawsuits, having been sealed by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in a separate lawsuit from several major record labels (see below). In 2000, Madonna's single "Music" leaked to the web and Napster before its commercial release, causing widespread media coverage. Use of Verified Napster uses peaked with 26.4 million users worldwide in February 2001.
In 2000, American record company A & amp; M Records along with several other record companies, through the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), sued Napster (A & M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.) on the grounds of copyright infringement and representatives under the US Digital Digital Copyright Act (DMCA). Napster is confronted with the following allegations from the music industry:
- That the user directly infringes the plaintiff's copyright.
- The Napster is responsible for a contributory infringement of the plaintiff's copyright.
- Napster is responsible for the infringement of the claimant's copyright.
Napster lost the case in the District Court but later appealed to the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. While it is clear that Napster can have significant commercial non-breaking uses, Ninth Circuit supports District Court decisions. Soon after, the District Court ordered Napster to track its network activity and to restrict access to infringing material when notified of the location of the material. Napster could not fulfill and thus had to close its service in July 2001. In 2002, Napster announced that it was bankrupt and sold its assets to a third party.
Strength of promotion
Along with allegations that Napster hurt the sales of the recording industry, there are people who feel the opposite, that trading files on Napster stimulates, rather than hurt, sales. Some evidence probably came in July 2000 when the songs from the British rock band album Radiohead Kid A found their way to Napster three months before the album was released. Unlike Madonna, Dr. Dre or Metallica, Radiohead never reached the top 20 in the US. Furthermore, Kid A is a single album without being released, and received relatively few radio broadcasts. By the time the album was released, the album was estimated to have been downloaded for free by millions of people around the world, and in October 2000 Kid A took the number one spot on Billboard 200 sales charts in weeks debuted. According to Richard Menta of MP3 Newswire, the Napster effect in this example is isolated from other elements that can be credited for driving sales, and the unexpected success of the album shows that Napster is a great promotional tool for music.
Since 2000, many music artists, especially those who did not sign contracts with major labels and without access to traditional mass media such as radio and television, have said that Napster and a sequential Internet file-sharing network have helped listen to their music, spreading from mouth to mouth, and may have increased their sales in the long run. One of the musicians to openly defend Napster as a promotional tool for independent artists is Djealot, who became directly involved in 2000 A & amp; M Lawsuit Records. Chuck D from Public Enemy also came out and supported Napster publicly.
Claim
Napster's facilitation of the transfer of copyrighted material increased the anger of the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), which almost immediately - on 7 December 1999 - filed a lawsuit against popular services. This service will only get bigger because the trial, which is meant to shut down Napster, also gives him a lot of publicity. Soon millions of users, many of them students, flocked to it. After the failed appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court, the order was issued on March 5, 2001, ordering Napster to prevent copyright-protected music trading on its network.
Lawrence Lessig claims, however, that this decision is unreasonable from the perspective of copyright protection: "When Napster told the district court that they had developed a technology to block the 99.4 percent transfer of allegedly infringing material, the district court told Napster 99 lawyers, 4 percent is not good enough Napster should push the offense 'down to zero' If 99.4 percent is not good enough, "Lessig concluded," then this is a war on file-sharing technology, not a war on copyright infringement. "
Shutdown
In July 2001, Napster closed his entire network to comply with the order. On September 24, 2001, the case was partially settled. Napster agreed to pay music creators and copyright owners a $ 26 million settlement for previously invalid music usage, and as progress against future licensing royalties of $ 10 million. To pay for these fees, Napster is trying to convert its free service into a subscription system, and the traffic to Napster is reduced. The prototype solution was tested in 2002: Napster 3.0 Alpha, using the ".nap" secure file format from PlayMedia Systems and Relatable licensed audio fingerprint technology. Napster 3.0 is, according to many former Napster employees, ready to deploy, but has significant difficulties in obtaining licenses to distribute major-label music. On May 17, 2002, Napster announced that its assets would be acquired by German media company Bertelsmann for $ 85 million with the goal of converting Napster into an online music subscription service. The two companies have collaborated since mid-2000 where Bertelsmann became the first major label to drop his copyright lawsuit against Napster. In accordance with the terms of the acquisition agreement, on 3 June Napster filed for Chapter 11 protection under United States bankruptcy laws. On September 3, 2002, an American bankruptcy judge blocked sales to Bertelsmann and forced Napster to liquidate its assets.
​​â € <â € < ​​â € <â € <2008-2016
The Napster brand and logo were obtained at a bankruptcy auction by Roxio who used them to re-brand Pressplay's music service as Napster 2.0. In September 2008, Napster was bought by US electronics retailer Best Buy for US $ 121 million. On December 1, 2011, under a deal with Best Buy, Napster joined Rhapsody, with Best Buy receiving minority interest in Rhapsody. On July 14, 2016, Rhapsody stopped the Rhapsody brand for Napster and has since given its international service as Napster.
2017
Napster evolves into other markets by providing music on demand as a service to other brands. The most prominent of these is the iHeartRadio app and their Full Access music subscription service that provides customers with an on demand music experience as well as premium radio.
Media
- There are several books documenting the experiences of people working in Napster, including:
- Joseph Menn's Napster biography
- All Raves: The Rise and Fall of Shawn Fanning Napster
- John Alderman " Sonic Boom: Napster, MP3, and Pioneers of New Music "
- Steve Knopper's "Appetite for Self Destruction: The Spectacular Crash of the Recording Industry in the Digital Age ."
- The 2003 The Italian Job film features Napster founder Shawn Fanning as his own cameo. It gives confidence to one of the fictional characters behind as the original "Napster".
- The 2010 Film The Social Network featured Napster founder Sean Parker (played by Justin Timberlake) amid the rise of Facebook's popular website.
- The 2013 movie Downloaded is a documentary about sharing media on the Internet and includes a Napster history.
See also
- Napster (streaming music service)
- OpenNap
- Snocap
- TekNap
- imeem
- Kazaa
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments