Tigrinya (often written as Tigrigna ; ????: t? gr? ÃÆ' Â ± ÃÆ' Â ± a , IPA: Ã, [t? gr ": a] ( listen ) ) is an Afroasiatic language of the Semitic branch. This language is mainly used in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia in the Horn of Africa, with about 6,915,000 total speakers. Her Tigrinya speaker in Ethiopia (known as Tigrayans in English; Tigrawot ; feminine Tigr? Weyti , male Tigraway , plural Tegaru ) is approximately 4,320,000 people, and is centered in the northern Tigray region. Its Tigrinya speakers in Eritrea (Tigrinyas) total about 2,540,000, and are concentrated in the south and central regions. The tigrinya is also spoken by emigrants from this region, including some Israeli Beta.
Tigrinya should not be confused with the corresponding Tigre language. This latter language is spoken by Tigre, who inhabits the lowlands of Eritrea.
Video Tigrinya language
History and literature
The tigrinya differs markedly from the classical Semitic Ethiopian Semitic Ge'ez by having a phrasal verb and using the word-sequence that places the last major verb, not the first in the sentence. There is a strong influence of Ge'ez on Tigrinya literature, especially with terms related to the Christian life, the Biblical names, and so on. Ge'ez, due to his status in Ethiopian culture, acted as a literary medium until a relatively new time. In addition to Ge'ez, Tigrinya itself has grown into the press because it was included in a departmental newspaper published by the British government of Eritrea, selling 5,000 copies weekly at an affordable five cent. It was reported as the first of its kind in the region.
The earliest written examples of Tigrinya are local legal texts found in the districts of Logosarda, Southern Region, Eritrea and in northern Ethiopia, dating from the 13th century during the reign of the Zagwe dynasty. However, Tigrinya's phonology along with its still strong morphology shows a connection to Ge'ez's predecessor language while the connection also features the Tigriniya semitic properties.
Tigrinya, along with the Arabic Modern Standard, is one of the two official languages ​​of Eritrea.
Maps Tigrinya language
Speaker
There is no common name agreed for those who speak Tigrinya. In Ethiopia, the Tigray natives are referred to in Tigrinya as tigr? W? Y (male), tigr? Weyt? (female), tigr? W? t or recent (plural). In Eritrea, its Tigrinya speakers are officially known as BihÃÆ' Â © r-Tigrigna meaning "nation of its Tigrinya speakers". BihÃÆ' Â © r roughly means ethnic groups in Tigrinya, Tigre and Ge'ez (from where Tigrigna and Tigre originated). The Jeberti in Eritrea also speaks Tigrinya besides Arabic.
According to Ethnologue , there are 6,915,000 total Tigrinya speakers. Of these, about 4,320,000 Ethiopians live, with most concentrated in the Tigray region. Its Tigrinya speakers in Eritrea number around 2,540,000 people, and are centered in the south and central regions. There are also more than 10,000 Israeli Beta speakers from Tigrinya.
Tigrinya is the most widely spoken language in Ethiopia after Amharic, Oromo, Somali and the most widely spoken language in Eritrea (see language). It is also spoken by immigrant communities worldwide, in countries including Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Britain, Canada and the United States. In Australia, Tigrinya is one of the languages ​​that are broadcast on public radio through a special Multicultural Broadcasting Service.
Tigrinya dialects are usually divided into North and South sections, which are different phonetically, lexically, and grammatically.
North Dialect
- Eritrea (Hamasien, Seraye, Akele Guzay, Anseba)
- Ethiopia (Shire, Aksum, Adwa, Agame)
South Dialect
- Ethiopia (Enderta Province, Tembien, Raya, Kilte Awulaelo)
Phonology
For Tigrinya's voice representation, this article uses modifications of a common (though not universal) system among linguists working on the Ethiopian Semitic language, but rather different from the International Phonetic Phonetic Convention.
Consonant phoneme
Tigrinya has a set of phonemes that are quite typical for the Ethiopian Semitic language. That is, there is a set of ejactiva consumptions and the usual seven-vowel system. Unlike many other modern Ethiopian Semitic languages, Tigrinya has kept two pharyngeal consonants. Along with [x '], velar or fricative evasif uvular, this phonological element makes it easy to distinguish the spoken Tigrinya from a closely related language such as Amharic. However, it is harder to say than Tigre, because it also maintains a pharyngeal consonant.
The graph below shows the Tigrinya phonemes. Sounds are displayed using the same system to represent sounds as in the rest of the article. When the IPA symbol is different, it is shown in square brackets. The consonant letter/v/appears in brackets because it only happens in recent loans from European languages.
Fricative sounds [x] , [x?] , [x '] and [x?'] as an allophone.
vocal phonemes
Sounds are displayed using the same system to represent sounds as in the rest of the article. When the IPA symbol is different, it is shown in square brackets.
Geminasi
Gemination, the multiplication of consonant sounds, is phonemic in Tigrinya, which affects the meaning of words. While gemination plays an important role in the morphology of the Tigrinya verb, it is usually accompanied by another sign. But there are a small number of words that can only be distinguished from each other by gemination, e.g. /k '? rr? b?/, ('she gave birth'); /k '? r? b?/, ('he's closing'). All consonants, with pharyngeal and glottal exceptions, can be given gems.
Allophones
The velar consonants /k/ and /k '/ is pronounced differently when it appears immediately after the vowel and is not given a gem. In this state, /k/ is pronounced as velar fricative. /k '/ is pronounced as fricative, or sometimes as an affricate. This fricative or affricate is more often spoken farther back, in place of uvular articulation (although represented in this article as [x '] ). All possible realizations of this - verbal ericive fricative, uvular ejective fricative, velar ejective affricate and uvular ejective affricate - are cross-language very rarely heard. It is said that the distinction between the various fricative ejectives is better understood when one fully understands and has fluency in Tigrinya.
Since these two sounds are fully conditioned by their environment, they can be considered allophones of the /k/ and /k '/. This is especially evident from the verb root in which one consonant is manifested as one or the other alophone depending on what precedes it. For example, for a verb that means cry , which has a triconsonantal root | bky |, there are forms like ???? /m? Bkaj/ ('to cry') and ??? /b? x? j?/ ('he cryried'), and for a verb meaning 'stealing', which has triconsonantal root | srk ' |, there are forms like ???? /j? s? rk'u/ ('they steal') and ???? /j? s? rr? x '/ (' he stole ').
Although it is not uncommon for allophones to be represented with different symbols in written form of language, the latter phone is distinguished in its Tigrinya orthography. Tigriniya's predecessor language from Ge'ez also follows this unique allophonic system.
Many parts of the Tigrinya language are also believed to have been borrowed. An example is/h/sound, derived from the Indo-European, Italian. Another example of borrowed allophones is the sound [p] in Tigrinya, which is an allophone taken from the Greek.
Speeches
A Tigrinya syllable can consist of consonant-vowel sounds or consonants-consonants. When three consonants (or one pictorial consonant and one simple consonant) unite in a word, the cluster is broken with the introduction of epenthetic vowels ?, and when two consonants (or one pictorial consonant) If it will not end the word, the vowel i appear after them, or (when this happens because of suffix) ? introduced before the suffix. As an example,
- ??? kÃÆ'¤bdi 'abdomen', ?? l? bbi 'heart'
- -ÃÆ'¤y 'my', ???? kÃÆ'¤bdÃÆ'¤y 'my stomach', ? ?? l? bbÃÆ'¤y 'my heart'
- -ka 'you (masc.)', ???? kÃÆ'¤bd? xa 'your stomach (masc.)', ??? l? bb? xa 'your heart (masc.)'
- -n...- n 'and', ???? ??? kÃÆ'¤bd? n l? bb? n 'stomach and heart'
Stress is not contradictory or very prominent in Tigrinya. It seems to depend on gemination, but it seems to have not been systematically investigated.
Grammar
Typical grammatical features
Its tribal grammar is unique among the Ethiopian Semites in several ways:
- For a second person pronoun, there is a separate vowel form, used to get someone's attention: ??? n? ss? xa 'you (m.sg.)', ?? 'atta ' you! (m.sg.) '.
- There are certain, related articles (such as in English) with demonstrative adjectives meaning 'that': ?? ?? '? ta g? al 'the girl'.
- The gerundive form is used for past tense, as well as for connecting functions such as in Ge'ez and Amharic: ???? tÃÆ'¤zaribu '(he's talking, he's talking'.
- Yes-no questions marked by particles? do follow the word in question: ????? ??? ? aftÃÆ'¤ydo r? 'ixi ' do you (f.sg.) see my sister? '.
- Negative continuation ay- -n can tag nouns, pronouns, and adjectives and verbs: ????? ay-'anÃÆ'¤ -n 'not me', ?????? ay'ab? y-? n 'not big'
- The tigrinya has a very complex atmosphere-atmosphere-tense system, with many nuances accomplished using a combination of three basic aspects (perfect, imperfect, gerundive) and additional verbs including copula (? ? yyu , etc.), the existence verbs ( 'allo , etc.), and the verb < span>? ?? nÃÆ'¤bÃÆ'¤rÃÆ'¤ 'exist, live', ?? konÃÆ'¤ 'to', ??? s'ÃÆ'¤n? e 'fixed'.
- The tigrinya has a mixed front word corresponding to the postposition-preposition compound found in Amharic: ?? ??? ??? ab l? 'li ' arat 'in (above) bed', ?? ??? ??? ab t ?? ti 'arat ' under the bed '
- Unlike most ES languages, Tigrinya has only one set of suffixes applicable, used both for dative and benefactive and for locative and adversative senses: ????? tÃÆ'¤x 'ÃÆ'¤mmit'a- llu ' he sits for him ' or' he sits on it ' or' he sits for his loss' .
Writing system
The tigrinya is written in the Ge'ez script (Ethiopic script), originally developed for Ge'ez. Ge'ez manuscript is an abugida. Each symbol represents a vowel syllable, and the symbols are arranged in groups of equal symbols based on consonants and vowels. In the table below the columns are assigned to the seven vowels Tigrinya (and Ge'ez); they appear in the traditional order. Lines are assigned to consonants, again in a traditional order.
For each consonant in the abugida, there is an unmarked symbol representing a consonant followed by a canonical or attached vowel. For Ge'ez abugida, this canonical vowel is ÃÆ'¤, the first column in the table. However, since the pharynge and glottal consonants of Tigrinya (and other Ethiopian Semitic languages) can not be followed by this vowel, the symbol in the first column in the line for the consonant is pronounced with the vowel a, exactly as in the fourth row. These excess symbols become unused in their Tigrinya and are displayed with a dark gray background in the table. When needed to represent the following vowelless consonants, the consonant form? is used (the symbol in the sixth column). For example, the word '? Ntay 'what? 'written ???? , literally '? -n? -ta-y ?.
Since some of the differences that seem to be made in Ge'ez have been lost in Tigrinya, there are two lines of each symbol for the consonant /?/, /s/, and /s'/. In Eritrea, for /s/ and /s'/ , at least, one of these has become unused in its Tigrinya and is now considered ancient. This less-used series is shown with a dark gray background in the chart.
Orthography does not mark the gemination, so a pair of words k'ÃÆ'¤rrÃÆ'¤bÃÆ'¤ 'he approached', k'ÃÆ'¤rÃÆ'¤bÃÆ'¤ 'he was close' both written < span> ??? . Since such minimal couples are very rare, this does not cause problems for language readers.
See also
- UCLA Language Materials Project
References
Bibliography
- Amanuel Sahle (1998) SÃÆ'¤wasÃÆ'¤s? w T? gr? ÃÆ' Â ± ÃÆ' Â ± a b? sÃÆ'¤fi? . Lawrencevill, NJ, USA: Red Sea Press. ISBNÃ, 1-56902-096-5
- Dan'el TÃÆ'¤xlu RÃÆ'¤da (1996, Eth. Cal.) ZÃÆ'¤bÃÆ'¤nawi sÃÆ'¤was? wk? 'ank?' a T? gr? ÃÆ' Â ± ÃÆ' Â ± a
- Rehman, Abdel. English Tigrigna Dictionary: The Tigrinya Language Dictionary: (Asmara) Simon Wallenberg Press. Introduction Page to Tigrinya Language ISBNÃ, 1-84356-006-2
- People's Liberation Front of Eritrea (1985) Dictionary, English-Tigris-Arabic . Rome: EPLF.
- ----- (1986) Dictionary, Tigrigna-English, mesgebe qalat tigrinya englizen . Rome: EPLF.
- Kane, Thomas L. (2000) The Tigrinya-English dictionary (2 vols). Springfield, VA: Dunwoody Press. ISBNÃ, 1-881265-68-4
- Leslau, Wolf (1941) Tigrigna document: grammaire et textes . Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck.
- Mason, John (Ed.) (1996) SÃÆ'¤was? w T? gr? ÃÆ' Â ± ÃÆ' Â ± a, Tigrinya Grammar . Lawrenceville, NJ, USA: Red Sea Press. ISBNÃ, 0-932415-20-2 (ISBNÃ, 0-932415-21-0, paperback)
- Praetorius, F. (1871) Grammatik der TigriÃÆ' Â ± asprache in Abessinien . Halle. ISBNÃ, 3-487-05191-5 (1974 reprint)
- TÃÆ'¤xÃÆ'¤stÃÆ'¤ TÃÆ'¤xlÃÆ'¤ et al. (1989, Eth. Cal.) MÃÆ'¤zgÃÆ'¤bÃÆ'¤ k'alat T? Gr? ÃÆ' Â ± ÃÆ' Â ± a b? -T? Gr? ÃÆ' Â ± ÃÆ' Â ± a . Addis Ababa: N? Gd matÃÆ'¤ya d? R ???? t.
- Ullendorff, E. (1985) A Tigrinya Chrestomathy . Stuttgart: F. Steiner. ISBN: 3-515-04314-4
- Ze'im Girma (1983) L? sanÃÆ'¤ Ag'azi . Asmara: Press Government Printing.
External links
- Tigrigna online, including an English-Tigrinya online dictionary.
- a collection of proverbs on Tigrinya
- teaches Tigrinya using his Tigrinya words written in the English alphabet
- Sites with text or voice files Tigrinya (all require Ge'ez Unicode fonts like GF Zemen Unicode).
- Asmarino: Eritrea exile site.
- Meskerem: "Eritrean opposition site".
- Eritrean government site with links to Haddas Ertra , Tigrinya daily newspaper in Eritrea.
- Christian Recordings at Tigrinya: Global Recording Website.
- Tigrina Learning and Playing Game Board - ??? ???? : This provides for the enjoyable learning of Ge'ez's manuscript and all the languages ​​written with it. [1]
- Etiotic Alphabet
- First USA Patent for Ethiopic Awarded
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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